GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA

GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA

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The Experimental Jurisprudence of the Concept of Rule: Implications for the Hart-Fuller Debate
(2023) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Struchiner, Noel; Hannikainen, Ivar R.
A dual character theory of law
(2024) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA
One persistent question in jurisprudence relates to the role of morality in the concept of law. For instance, consider the question of whether unjust statutes are laws. Legal positivists say that they’re laws in every relevant sense, while natural lawyers say that they’re not. This article considers a different answer inspired by recent findings in experimental philosophy: there is one relevant sense in which unjust statutes are laws, but also a different relevant sense in which they aren’t. After considering the ways in which this alternative differs from some of the mainstream theories in general jurisprudence, the article argues that it provides more elegant solutions to two problems that have puzzled legal philosophers in the past: the paradox of customary international law and the shifts in legal discourse over history.
Uma Estratégia de Treinamento de Diretores Baseada em Dados
(2022) Ragazzo, Carlos Emmanuel Joppert; Guilherme da Franca Couto Fernandes de Almeida; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA
Neste artigo, descreve-se uma proposta para enfrentar o problema de equidade dentro de grandes redes municipais de ensino. Acredita-se que um programa de treinamento de diretores que use uma estratégia de mentoria entre pares seja capaz de melhorar o desempenho das escolas que apresentam consistentemente os piores resultados. Para defender a proposta, discuti-se experiências internacionais, trabalhos recentes que identificam pares de escolas geograficamente próximas, mas com desempenhos discrepantes e reporta-se os resultados de análises empíricas inéditas que revelam diferenças sistemáticas entre os diretores das escolas com performance boa e os diretores de escolas em risco.
VI Relatório Supremo em Números: a realidade do Supremo Criminal
(2019) Falcão, Joaquim; Batini, Silvana; IVAR ALBERTO GLASHERSTER MARTINS LANGE HARTMANN; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA
Extracting value from Brazilian Court decisions
(2022) Fernandes, William Paulo Ducca; Frajhof, Isabella Zalcberg; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Rodrigues, Ariane Moraes Bueno; Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira; Konder, Carlos Nelson; Nasser, Rafael Barbosa; Carvalho, Gustavo Robichez de; Lopes, Hélio Côrtes Vieira
We propose a methodology to extract value from Brazilian Court decisions to support judges and lawyers in their decision-making. We instantiate our methodology in one information system we have developed. Such system (i) extracts plaintiff’s legal claims and each specific provision on legal opinions enacted by lower and Appellate Courts, and (ii) connects each legal claim with the corresponding judicial provision. The information system presents the results through visualizations. Information Extraction for legal texts has been previously approached in the literature for different languages, using different methods. Our proposal is different from previous work, since our corpora comprise Brazilian lower and Appellate Court decisions, in which we look for a set of plaintiff’s legal claims and judicial provisions commonly judged by the Court. We use the following methods to tackle the information extraction tasks: Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network; Conditional Random Fields; and a combination of Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network and Conditional Random Fields. In addition to the well-known distributed representation of words in word embeddings, we use character-level representation of words in character embeddings. We have built three corpora – Kauane Insurance Report, Kauane Insurance Lower, and Kauane Insurance Upper – to train and evaluate the system, using public data from the State Court of Rio de Janeiro. Our methods achieved good quality for Kauane Insurance Lower and Kauane Insurance Upper, and promising results for Kauane Insurance Report.
Primeira Infância no Poder Judiciário
(2023) Berriel, Cecilia Machado; IVAR ALBERTO GLASHERSTER MARTINS LANGE HARTMANN; Marpin, Ábia; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Abbas, Lorena; Maia, Natália de Oliveira; Fabris, Ligia
Reconhecendo a importância do período de 0 a 6 anos de idade, o Marco Legal da Primeira Infância (MLPI) trata dos princípios e diretrizes para a elaboração de políticas públicas específicas para essa fase do desenvolvimento humano. Também estabelece alterações relevantes em outras normas já existentes, como o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), a Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT) e o Código de Processo Penal (CPP), com vistas a privilegiar o melhor interesse da criança. Este livro reúne os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a aplicação do MLPI em tribunais brasileiros que buscou responder, em uma perspectiva quantitativa: qual foi o impacto dessa norma sobre as decisões judiciais? E, em uma perspectiva qualitativa, quais as percepções de atores que trabalham no sistema de justiça sobre essa lei e suas possíveis implicações para a prática judicial.
Demandas repetitivas
(2019) IVAR ALBERTO GLASHERSTER MARTINS LANGE HARTMANN; Pinheiro Júnior, Fausto Marques; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Araújo, Felipe; Correia Júnior, Fernando; Silva, Abner da
What Do We Mean by Precedent? Empirical Evidence of Ordinary Usage
(2022) Andrade, Priscila C. de; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Hannikainen, Ivar R.; Struchiner, Noel
Legal theorists disagree about the nature of precedent. In a purely descriptive sense, what does it mean to say that a particular case sets a precedent? Does it (a) establish a rule that is deductively applied to subsequent cases (the deductive view), or (b) trace a relevant dimension of factual resemblance between the source case and subsequent cases by analogy (the analogical view)? To answer these questions, we conducted a series of three studies on the matter. In Study 1, we documented people’s tendency to adopt the analogical interpretation over the deductive one. Theorists have also debated whether, normatively, judges ought to apply precedents deductively or analogically—with some arguing that the analogical view affords excessive discretionary power. Yet, the results of Studies 2 and 3 undermine this claim: While participants did indeed infer more specific rules than analogical features (Study 2), the generality of analogical interpretation was not driven by the opportunity to treat prior cases as precedents (Study 3). These findings suggest that the analogical view is prevalent among the folk, while undermining some of the normative arguments against it.
Are Large Language Models Moral Hypocrites? A Study Based on MoralFoundations
(2021) José Luiz Nunes; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Araujo, Marcelo de; Barbosa, Simone D. J.
Large language models (LLMs) have taken centre stage indebates on Artificial Intelligence. Yet there remains a gap inhow to assess LLMs’ conformity to important human values.In this paper, we investigate whether state-of-the-art LLMs,GPT-4 and Claude 2.1 (Gemini Pro and LLAMA 2 did notgenerate valid results) are moral hypocrites. We employ tworesearch instruments based on the Moral Foundations The-ory: (i) the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), whichinvestigates which values are considered morally relevant inabstract moral judgements; and (ii) the Moral FoundationsVignettes (MFVs), which evaluate moral cognition in con-crete scenarios related to each moral foundation. We charac-terise conflicts in values between these different abstractionsof moral evaluation as hypocrisy. We found that both mod-els displayed reasonable consistency within each instrumentcompared to humans, but they displayed contradictory andhypocritical behaviour when we compared the abstract val-ues present in the MFQ to the evaluation of concrete moralviolations of the MFV.
Epistemology Goes AI: A Study of GPT-3?s Capacity to Generate Consistent and Coherent Ordered Sets of Propositions on a Single-Input-Multiple-Outputs Basis
(2024) Araújo, Marcelo de; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Nunes, José Luiz
The more we rely on digital assistants, online search engines, and AI systems to revise our system of beliefs and increase our body of knowledge, the less we are able to resort to some independent criterion, unrelated to further digital tools, in order to asses the epistemic reliability of the outputs delivered by them. This raises some important questions to epistemology in general and pressing questions to applied to epistemology in particular. In this paper, we propose an experimental method for the assessment of GPT-3’s capacity to generate consistent and coherent sets of outputs. When several outputs to one and the same input are very repetitive they tend to be consistent with each other, that is they do not contradict each other. But consistency does not make the set of outputs as a whole more informative than the outputs considered individually. We argue that the less informative a set of outputs is, the less coherent it is. We establish a conceptual distinction between consistency and coherence in the light of what some epistemologists refer to as a coherence theories of truth and justification. While much attention has been given to GPT-3’s capacity to produce internally coherent individual outputs, we argue, instead, that more attention should be given to its capacity to produce consistent and coherent outputs generated on a single-input-multiple-outputs basis.