Essays on criminal gangs, police and illegal markets
N/D
Autores
Mancha, André Luiz Pereira
Orientador
Co-orientadores
Citações na Scopus
Tipo de documento
Tese
Data
2023
Resumo
Um entendimento dos mecanismos que impulsionam o comportamento criminoso é crucial para a elaboração de políticas eficazes no combate ao crime e violência. Mais especificamente,
facções criminosas podem explorar a ineficiência ou ausência do estado para expandir o controle territorial e conduzir atividades ilegais, como a venda de mercadorias roubadas e tráfico de drogas. Os três ensaios desta tese lançam luz sobre como a regulação de mercado e mudanças no patrulhamento policial afetam o crime e contribuem para formulação políticas de segurança pública.
Em particular, o primeiro artigo avalia o impacto de uma supervisão mais rigorosa de empresas de desmontagem de veículos ("desmanches"). Utilizando dados do estado de São Paulo
e a variação na supervisão causada por uma regulamentação estadual, mostro que o roubo de automóveis diminuiu substancialmente mais em áreas com presença de desmanches. Este artigodestaca que os desmanches podem atuar como provedores de liquidez para gangues de roubo de veículos. Após um monitoramento mais rigoroso pelo estado, os criminosos enfrentam mais dificuldades em negociar veículos roubados, o que causa uma redução no roubo de automóveis.
O segundo ensaio investiga os mecanismos por trás de um aumento impressionante em homicídios após reduções abruptas no patrulhamento policial. Exploro a ocorrência de 29 greves
da polícia militar em diferentes estados brasileiros entre 2000 e 2020. Além disso, utilizo informações sobre a presença de facções criminosas para investigar se o aumento no crime
violento pode ser atribuída a esses grupos durante um período de menor vigilância policial. Meus resultados mostram que o aumento em homicídios é maior em áreas de intensos dominadas por gangues. Exercícios de robustez mostram que as mortes de suspeitos criminosos são o principal impulsionador desse aumento, e não há uma tendência prévia de violência antes da greve policial. Essas descobertas sugerem que a ausência do estado podem desencadear conflitos intensos pelo controle territorial. Apresento um modelo teórico para mostrar como mudanças abruptas no nível de patrulhamento afetam os incentivos das facções para iniciar uma guerra.
Por último, o terceiro ensaio aproveita a implementação gradual de esquadrões de elite da polícia em municípios do Ceará. O governo estadual decidiu expandir o batalhão especial da
polícia militar (CPRaio) da capital para os municípios do interior. A ordem de implementação seguiu critérios populacionais, com municípios grandes recebendo esquadrões de elite da polícia antes dos municípios menores. Eu mostro que a implementação do CPRaio levou a uma grande redução em roubos, com resultados menores ou não significativos em outros crimes. Esses resultados, combinados com as descobertas do segundo ensaio, revelam que o aumento da presença policial pode ter um efeito diferente da diminuição na patrulha policial. Enquanto a expansão de policiamento altamente militarizado afetou principalmente roubos, a redução abrupta na vigilância levou a um aumento em homicídios.
An understanding of the mechanisms that drive criminal behavior is crucial to designing effective policies to tackle property and violent crimes. More specifically, criminal gangs and drug trade organizations may explore the state’s inefficiency or absence to expand territorial control and run illegal businesses such as the sale of stolen goods and drug trafficking. The three essays in this thesis shed light on how market regulation and shifts in police patrolling affect crime outcomes and provide valuable insights into security public policies. In particular, the first paper evaluates the impact of more strict supervision of legal authorities on vehicle dismantling firms ("junkyards"). Using data from the São Paulo state and the exogenous variation in supervision caused by a state-level regulation, I find that auto theft decreased substantially more in areas with the presence of junkyards. This paper highlights that junkyards may act as liquidity providers to criminals specialized in the robbery of vehicles. Following harsher state monitoring, criminals face more difficulties in negotiating stolen vehicles, which causes a reduction in auto theft. The second essay investigates the mechanisms behind an astonishing increase in homicides following abrupt reductions in police patrolling in Brazil. I explore the occurrence of 29 military police strikes in different Brazilian states between 2000 and 2020. Moreover, I use the information on drug trade organizations’ presence to investigate if the shift in violent crime may be attributed to these groups during a period of lower police surveillance. My results show that the increase in homicides is larger in areas of intense gang conflicts. Robustness exercises show that the deaths of suspected criminals are the main driver of such an increase, and there is no pre-trend of violence before the police strike. These findings suggest the state’s absence triggers intense conflicts for territory control. I present a novel theoretical model to show how abrupt shifts in police patrolling caused by police strikes affect criminal gang incentives to start a war. Last, the third essay leverages the phased roll-out of police elite squads across municipalities in Ceará. The state government decided to expand the military police special battalion ("CPRaio") from the capital to countryside municipalities. The roll-out order followed population criteria, with large municipalities receiving police elite squads prior to small municipalities. I show that the CPRaio roll-out led to a large reduction in violent property crime, with smaller or no significant results on other crimes. From a policy perspective, these results combined with the findings of the second essay reveal that increased police presence may have a different effect from decreased police patrolling. While the expansion of highly militarized policing affected primarily robberies, the abrupt decrease in surveillance led to an escalation of violent deaths.
An understanding of the mechanisms that drive criminal behavior is crucial to designing effective policies to tackle property and violent crimes. More specifically, criminal gangs and drug trade organizations may explore the state’s inefficiency or absence to expand territorial control and run illegal businesses such as the sale of stolen goods and drug trafficking. The three essays in this thesis shed light on how market regulation and shifts in police patrolling affect crime outcomes and provide valuable insights into security public policies. In particular, the first paper evaluates the impact of more strict supervision of legal authorities on vehicle dismantling firms ("junkyards"). Using data from the São Paulo state and the exogenous variation in supervision caused by a state-level regulation, I find that auto theft decreased substantially more in areas with the presence of junkyards. This paper highlights that junkyards may act as liquidity providers to criminals specialized in the robbery of vehicles. Following harsher state monitoring, criminals face more difficulties in negotiating stolen vehicles, which causes a reduction in auto theft. The second essay investigates the mechanisms behind an astonishing increase in homicides following abrupt reductions in police patrolling in Brazil. I explore the occurrence of 29 military police strikes in different Brazilian states between 2000 and 2020. Moreover, I use the information on drug trade organizations’ presence to investigate if the shift in violent crime may be attributed to these groups during a period of lower police surveillance. My results show that the increase in homicides is larger in areas of intense gang conflicts. Robustness exercises show that the deaths of suspected criminals are the main driver of such an increase, and there is no pre-trend of violence before the police strike. These findings suggest the state’s absence triggers intense conflicts for territory control. I present a novel theoretical model to show how abrupt shifts in police patrolling caused by police strikes affect criminal gang incentives to start a war. Last, the third essay leverages the phased roll-out of police elite squads across municipalities in Ceará. The state government decided to expand the military police special battalion ("CPRaio") from the capital to countryside municipalities. The roll-out order followed population criteria, with large municipalities receiving police elite squads prior to small municipalities. I show that the CPRaio roll-out led to a large reduction in violent property crime, with smaller or no significant results on other crimes. From a policy perspective, these results combined with the findings of the second essay reveal that increased police presence may have a different effect from decreased police patrolling. While the expansion of highly militarized policing affected primarily robberies, the abrupt decrease in surveillance led to an escalation of violent deaths.
Palavras-chave
Crime; Market Regulation; Police; Deterrence; Natural Experiment
Titulo de periódico
URL da fonte
Título de Livro
URL na Scopus
Idioma
Inglês
Notas
Membros da banca
Monteiro, Joana da Costa Martins
Marie, Olivier
Área do Conhecimento CNPQ
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::DIREITO
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::DIREITO
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA