Artigos em Andamento [Working Paper]
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3232
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Working Paper Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence(2006) Cutler, David M.; Lleras-Muney, AdrianaThere is a large and persistent association between education and health. In this paper, we review what is known about this link. We first document the facts about the relationship between education and health. The education 'gradient' is found for both health behaviors and health status, though the former does not fully explain the latter. The effect of education increases with increasing years of education, with no evidence of a sheepskin effect. Nor are there differences between blacks and whites, or men and women. Gradients in behavior are biggest at young ages, and decline after age 50 or 60. We then consider differing reasons why education might be related to health. The obvious economic explanations - education is related to income or occupational choice - explain only a part of the education effect. We suggest that increasing levels of education lead to different thinking and decision-making patterns. The monetary value of the return to education in terms of health is perhaps half of the return to education on earnings, so policies that impact educational attainment could have a large effect on population health.Working Paper Appropriability and the Patenting Process: An Exploratory Analysis of Pharmaceuticals(2008) Barros, Henrique MachadoThe literature reports that patents are commonly seen as isolating mechanisms. Nevertheless, our knowledge as to how firms manage both patents and the patenting process to capture the benefits realised from innovative effort is still scant. In this paper we explore how firms use the patenting process to enhance appropriability conditions. Based upon case studies of six various sized UK pharmaceutical firms our findings suggest that it is mainly by managing a whole portfolio of patents that firms will generate the full benefits of patents and limit the operations of (potential) competitors. The portfolio approach is one alternative to broaden the scope of protection. Along the same lines our sample firms also revealed their interest in broader territorial coverage. Although the protection achieved is largely determined by the legal framework, firms revealed that the timing of application is pivotal in determining the scope of the final patent grant and other related follow-up patents.