Artigos Acadêmicos e Noticiosos
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3226
Navegar
37 resultados
Resultados da Pesquisa
Artigo Científico A dual character theory of law(2024) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDAOne persistent question in jurisprudence relates to the role of morality in the concept of law. For instance, consider the question of whether unjust statutes are laws. Legal positivists say that they’re laws in every relevant sense, while natural lawyers say that they’re not. This article considers a different answer inspired by recent findings in experimental philosophy: there is one relevant sense in which unjust statutes are laws, but also a different relevant sense in which they aren’t. After considering the ways in which this alternative differs from some of the mainstream theories in general jurisprudence, the article argues that it provides more elegant solutions to two problems that have puzzled legal philosophers in the past: the paradox of customary international law and the shifts in legal discourse over history.Artigo Científico Epistemology Goes AI: A Study of GPT-3?s Capacity to Generate Consistent and Coherent Ordered Sets of Propositions on a Single-Input-Multiple-Outputs Basis(2024) Araújo, Marcelo de; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Nunes, José LuizThe more we rely on digital assistants, online search engines, and AI systems to revise our system of beliefs and increase our body of knowledge, the less we are able to resort to some independent criterion, unrelated to further digital tools, in order to asses the epistemic reliability of the outputs delivered by them. This raises some important questions to epistemology in general and pressing questions to applied to epistemology in particular. In this paper, we propose an experimental method for the assessment of GPT-3’s capacity to generate consistent and coherent sets of outputs. When several outputs to one and the same input are very repetitive they tend to be consistent with each other, that is they do not contradict each other. But consistency does not make the set of outputs as a whole more informative than the outputs considered individually. We argue that the less informative a set of outputs is, the less coherent it is. We establish a conceptual distinction between consistency and coherence in the light of what some epistemologists refer to as a coherence theories of truth and justification. While much attention has been given to GPT-3’s capacity to produce internally coherent individual outputs, we argue, instead, that more attention should be given to its capacity to produce consistent and coherent outputs generated on a single-input-multiple-outputs basis.Artigo Científico Lawful, but not Really: The Dual Character of the Concept of Law(2024) Flanagan, Brian; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDADisagreement on law’s relationship to morality has long been driven by disagreement about our ordinary concept. Until recently, however, there had been no systematic investigation of lay intuitions. In this paper, we advance this nascent effort. Across two studies (N = 697), our findings reveal that most people consider law to be more than a matter of political circumstance alone. Contrary to the expectations of most contemporary philosophers, morality (both substantive and procedural) emerges as a key influence on judgments of legal validity: many people say that conduct prohibited by immoral statutes is not truly illegal, and that immoral conduct which was never explicitly prohibited is truly illegal. This suggests that people often treat law as a dual character concept that, like the concepts of scientist or of artist, features autonomous concrete and abstract dimensions.Artigo Científico Exploring the psychology of LLMs’ moral and legal reasoning(2024) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Nunes, José Luiz; Engelmann, Neele; Wiegmann, Alex; Araújo, Marcelo deLarge language models (LLMs) exhibit expert-level performance in tasks across a wide range of different domains. Ethical issues raised by LLMs and the need to align future versions makes it important to know how state of the art models reason about moral and legal issues. In this paper, we employ the methods of experimental psychology to probe into this question. We replicate eight studies from the experimental literature with instances of Google's Gemini Pro, Anthropic's Claude 2.1, OpenAI's GPT-4, and Meta's Llama 2 Chat 70b. We find that alignment with human responses shifts from one experiment to another, and that models differ amongst themselves as to their overall alignment, with GPT-4 taking a clear lead over all other models we tested. Nonetheless, even when LLM-generated responses are highly correlated to human responses, there are still systematic differences, with a tendency for models to exaggerate effects that are present among humans, in part by reducing variance. This recommends caution with regards to proposals of replacing human participants with current state-of-the-art LLMs in psychological research and highlights the need for further research about the distinctive aspects of machine psychologyArtigo Científico Brazilian Corporate Sustainability Regulation in the Green Transition: Missing the Forest for the Trees(2023) Cerezetti, Sheila C. Neder; GABRIELA DE OLIVEIRA JUNQUEIRAThe article describes and analyses new regulatory and governance rules regarding corporate sustainability regulation in Brazil, including the new provisions by the capital markets, the financial authorities, and private frameworks. This is done through the theoretical lens of a critical approach to socio-ecological transformation, shedding light on the broader context in which the institutional innovations take place: the political project of relying on finance to guide the transformation and the current transformations (i.e., the dismantling) of the traditional apparatus for environmental protection. In so doing, the contributions are twofold: on an empirical level, the article presents an overview of new rules regarding corporate governance and climate change in Brazil, serving as a useful source for comparison with other jurisdictions and a critical analysis of trends and differences in Northern and Southern Countries. On the theoretical level, we argue in favour of the need for a holistic approach that considers the broader regulatory context including the political agenda boosting the reforms in internal corporate governance and the circumstances of external environmental regulation. As such, we stress the interplay between extra-corporate and intra corporate governance tools in fostering corporate sustainability.Artigo Científico Bolsonaro's botched coup attempt exposed political fault lines in the Brazilian democracy(2024) LUCAS MARTINS NOVAES; DIEGO WERNECK ARGUELHESThis paper analyzes the institutional legacy of the Bolsonaro government on Brazilian democracy, with effects on 2023 and beyond. Focusing on the rebalance of the power of the executive branch vis-a-vis other powers, we argue that Bolsonaro’s botched coup attempt exposed the limitations of existing regime safeguards. First, the activation of the military brought the shadow of raw power to the political table. Second, the increased leverage Congress now exercises over the executive has ambiguous effects on its willingness to check authoritarian overreaches from the President. Finally, we consider how the conflict between the past President and the Supreme Court has made the court more politicized, potentially affecting its public standing and making it a more likely target for future attacks within the political system. We suggest that, while democracy has resisted, it is not immune to backsliding. We briefly discuss how this reshuffling will shape the scenario for Lula’s presidency and the Worker's Party in the coming years.- The Antitrust Problem of Zero-Rating(2023) Renzetti, Bruno Polonio
- Smile! You're On Camera: Data Collection in Food Retailing Markets(2023) Alikhani, Matene; Renzetti, Bruno PolonioWe argue that new technologies that allow greater data collection in food retail markets allow companies to exploit consumers’ personal data, potentially giving rise to new anticompetitive strategies. We look at the example of Amazon’s “Just Walk Out” technology to show how the company replicates online surveillance into the real world. We pinpoint privacy and competitive concerns related to the technology and propose policy solutions to the issues raised. We show that exploitation of consumers’ data is not inherently to the viability of this technology in the market.
- Analyzing the legal environment for public procurement as a demand-side innovation policy measure(2023) Maria Carolina FossThis paper aims to analyze Brazil’s legal and institutional arrangements for the design, implementation and accountability of public procurement for innovation (PPI) and to investigate how this apparatus has been adjusted, modified and even replaced to enable its use in innovation policies.
- Digital Twin data architecture for Product-Service Systems(2024) Durão, Luiz Fernando C.S.; Zancul, Eduardo; Schützer, KlausThe digital representation of physical products by Digital Twins has been increasingly perceived as a relevant enabler for Product-Service Systems (PSS). Digital Twins concentrate product data that can be applied to generate insights and thus support value-added services. However, the literature on the intersection between Digital Twin and PSS has only recently started to receive more attention. There are still research gaps related to the required data and systems integration. In this context, this research aims to propose a Digital Twin data architecture to support Product-Service Systems operation. A Design Science Research (DSR) approach is applied, and the proposed architecture has been implemented and tested. Assessment results indicated that the proposed Digital Twin architecture fulfills the four requirements established from the literature: 1) facilitate and support the service offering; 2) acquire and transmit field operation and customer data; 3) integrate design and manufacturing data; 4) guarantee real-time monitoring, data integration, and data fidelity. The presented results provide an original contribution to the research area and can serve as a reference for applying Digital Twin to support PSS in practice.