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A despesa do Governo Federal decorrente de sentenças judiciais: precatórios são apenas uma parte de problema bem maior
(2025) Mendes, Marcos; Coelho, Cristiane; Lisboa, Marcos; Barbosa, Leonardo
Embora elevado e crescente, o gasto com precatórios é uma parte
menor das despesas do Governo Federal decorrentes de decisões
judiciais. Os precatórios representam em torno de 30% de toda a
despesa oriunda de judicialização.
• Há sentenças judiciais que são pagas diretamente no orçamento,
sem expedição de precatórios. Isso é especialmente comum no
pagamento de benefícios previdenciários.
• Vantagens e benefícios a servidores e outros itens de despesa
determinados pelo Judiciário também são feitos por pagamento
direto, sem emissão de precatórios.
• Há impacto, também, sobre a receita, uma vez que, em causas
tributárias, o contribuinte vencedor da causa pode escolher entre
receber via precatório ou ter um crédito a ser compensado na
quitação futura de tributos.
• O custo fiscal total das decisões judiciais está em torno de 2,5%
do PIB. As despesas determinadas pela justiça já representam 9%
da despesa primária total. Uma despesa elevada, com tendência
de alta, e fora do controle dos gestores.
• O texto menciona causas da judicialização estudados na literatura,
indicando que a solução do problema não é trivial.
Salience-Biased Nested Logit
(2025) Caluz, Antonio Daniel; JOSÉ HELENO FARO; Sanches, Fabio Miessi
This paper introduces a two-level nested stochastic choice model in which nest
probabilities are driven by salience. A category comprises alternatives that
might be costly to gather information about, and we implicitly assume that
market leaders are easier to familiarize oneself with. By learning about those
alternatives more affordably, the items with the highest probability within
each category become their respective saliences when selecting the category.
Formally, a partition of the available options defines the collection of nests
(categories), while a Luce function assigns weights to all alternatives. These
two components represent the salience-biased nested logit (SBNL) model,
which differs from the standard nested logit (NL) model primarily because
the nest probabilities are determined solely by the highest probability within
each category, which defines the corresponding salient alternative in our approach. Like the NL model, the Luce model is applicable within categories.
While SBNL usually violates regularity, which leads to a form of market leader
effect, we can develop a specific case of our model within the conventional random utility framework and demonstrate its broad applicability in practice under a standard parametric specification for utility. This results in a
well-specified method for estimating the model’s parameters using individual
or aggregate market data. It serves as an additional tool for analyzing market shares and clarifying how price elasticities may display different patterns
according to marginal effects on demand stemming from variations in the
prices of market share leaders (the salient ones) compared to price changes in
non-leader alternatives.
Private ownership of water and wastewater systems: Assessing health impacts
(2025) Chaves, Rodrigo França; ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA
This study examines the impact of private ownership of water and wastewater systems on disease reduction linked to sanitation in Brazil from 1998 to 2021. It updates Saiani and de Azevedo (2018), which analyzed the period 1995–2008, by incorporating over a decade of additional data, key policy changes such as the 2020 Sanitation Law, and employing the Callaway–Sant’Anna Staggered DID methodology to address heterogeneity in treatment effects. Our findings reveal mixed results: while some municipalities achieved reductions in morbidity rates, others showed no change or increases, underscoring the context-dependent nature of privatization outcomes. A notable example is the case of Tocantins, where transitioning from a hybrid private-state model to full private ownership led to a significant decrease in disease morbidity, particularly among the most affected age groups. These advancements provide a robust, updated perspective on the privatization debate, offering valuable implications for policy and practice.
Anuario de la Vivienda en América Latina y el Caribe CAF — banco de desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe — y Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
(2024) Eloy, Claudia Magalhães (coord.); Kerr, Iván; Rouco, Federico Jorge González; Leite, Flavia; ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA; Burgos, Slaven Razmilic; Eberhard, Maria Cristina Rojas; Hoyos, Luisa Mariana Palomino; Rojas, Minor Rodríguez; Loria, Alexander Sandoval; Cazco, Jessenia; Pineda, Edgar Alexander Renderos; Topelson, Sara; Téllez, Adán; Treuherz, Alessandra; Boutin, Gabriela Irene Kinkead; Benza, Álvaro Espinoza; Cortés, Carlos Ariel; López, Alba Mizoocky Mota; Gonzalez, Ana Maria Fernandez; Camacho, Omar Aquiles Herrera; Fourment, José Freitas; Sosa, Lucía Vázquez; Santamarina, Lucía Anzalone; Recoba, Andrés Cabrera