Coleção de Artigos Acadêmicos
URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3227
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Artigo Científico Apply the Laws, if They are Good: Moral Evaluations Linearly Predict Whether Judges Should Enforce the Law(2024) Engelmann, Neele; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Sousa, Felipe Oliveira de; Prochownik, Karolina; Hannikainen, Ivar R.; Struchiner, Noel; Magen, StefanWhat should judges do when faced with immoral laws? Should they apply them without exception, since “the law is the law?” Or can exceptions be made for grossly immoral laws, such as historically, Nazi law? Surveying laypeople (N = 167) and people with some legal training (N = 141) on these matters, we find a surprisingly strong, monotonic relationship between people’s subjective moral evaluation of laws and their judgments that these laws should be applied in concrete cases. This tendency is most pronounced among individuals who endorse natural law (i.e., the legal-philosophical view that immoral laws are not valid laws at all), and is attenuated when disagreement about the moral status of a law is considered reasonable. The relationship is equally strong for laypeople and for those with legal training. We situate our findings within the broader context of morality’s influence on legal reasoning that experimental jurisprudence has uncovered in recent years, and consider normative implications.Artigo Científico Direitos Humanos, inteligência artificial e privacidade(2019) Cassino, João Francisco; RODOLFO DA SILVA AVELINO; Silveira, Sérgio Amadeu daEste texto trata dos riscos e implicações da inteligência artificial e dos algoritmos para os objetivos contidos na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. Nesse sentido, as perspectivas de James Der Derian, Frank Pasquale, David Chandler, Shoshana Zuboff, Philip N. Howard e Nick Srnicek foram mobilizadas para a compreensão da atual fase do capitalismo global, do mercado de captura e o processamento em massa de dados pessoais. Diversos casos descritos indicam que a privacidade é cada vez menos respeitada enquanto as empresas protegem seus segredos competitivos com patentes, códigos fechados e acordos de confidencialidade. Técnicas de Big Data e algoritmos em rede podem ser utilizados para melhorar e agilizar a administração pública, mas também resultam em novas práticas discriminatórias que violam o direito à privacidade, à liberdade de expressão e à justiça. Grupos étnicos e raciais, mulheres e comunidade LGBT já sofrem com decisões tomadas por sistemas computacionais autômatos que levam à segregação e ao preconceito.Artigo Científico Dynamically consistent objective and subjective rationality(2022) Bastianello, Lorenzo; JOSÉ HELENO FARO; Santos, AnaA group of experts, for instance climate scientists, is to advise a decision maker about the choice between two policies f and g. Consider the following decision rule. If all experts agree that the expected utility of f is higher than the expected utility of g, the unanimity rule applies, and f is chosen. Otherwise, the precautionary principle is implemented and the policy yielding the highest minimal expected utility is chosen. This decision rule may lead to time inconsistencies when adding an intermediate period of partial resolution of uncertainty. We show how to coherently reassess the initial set of experts’ beliefs so that precautionary choices become dynamically consistent: new beliefs should be added until one obtains the smallest “rectangular set” that contains the original one. Our analysis offers a novel behavioral characterization of rectangularity and a prescriptive way to aggregate opinions in order to avoid sure regret.