Coleção de Artigos Acadêmicos

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https://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3227

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Exploring the psychology of LLMs’ moral and legal reasoning
(2024) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Nunes, José Luiz; Engelmann, Neele; Wiegmann, Alex; Araújo, Marcelo de
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit expert-level performance in tasks across a wide range of different domains. Ethical issues raised by LLMs and the need to align future versions makes it important to know how state of the art models reason about moral and legal issues. In this paper, we employ the methods of experimental psychology to probe into this question. We replicate eight studies from the experimental literature with instances of Google's Gemini Pro, Anthropic's Claude 2.1, OpenAI's GPT-4, and Meta's Llama 2 Chat 70b. We find that alignment with human responses shifts from one experiment to another, and that models differ amongst themselves as to their overall alignment, with GPT-4 taking a clear lead over all other models we tested. Nonetheless, even when LLM-generated responses are highly correlated to human responses, there are still systematic differences, with a tendency for models to exaggerate effects that are present among humans, in part by reducing variance. This recommends caution with regards to proposals of replacing human participants with current state-of-the-art LLMs in psychological research and highlights the need for further research about the distinctive aspects of machine psychology
Lawful, but not Really: The Dual Character of the Concept of Law
(2024) Flanagan, Brian; GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA
Disagreement on law’s relationship to morality has long been driven by disagreement about our ordinary concept. Until recently, however, there had been no systematic investigation of lay intuitions. In this paper, we advance this nascent effort. Across two studies (N = 697), our findings reveal that most people consider law to be more than a matter of political circumstance alone. Contrary to the expectations of most contemporary philosophers, morality (both substantive and procedural) emerges as a key influence on judgments of legal validity: many people say that conduct prohibited by immoral statutes is not truly illegal, and that immoral conduct which was never explicitly prohibited is truly illegal. This suggests that people often treat law as a dual character concept that, like the concepts of scientist or of artist, features autonomous concrete and abstract dimensions.
A dual character theory of law
(2024) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA
One persistent question in jurisprudence relates to the role of morality in the concept of law. For instance, consider the question of whether unjust statutes are laws. Legal positivists say that they’re laws in every relevant sense, while natural lawyers say that they’re not. This article considers a different answer inspired by recent findings in experimental philosophy: there is one relevant sense in which unjust statutes are laws, but also a different relevant sense in which they aren’t. After considering the ways in which this alternative differs from some of the mainstream theories in general jurisprudence, the article argues that it provides more elegant solutions to two problems that have puzzled legal philosophers in the past: the paradox of customary international law and the shifts in legal discourse over history.
O Direito sem respeito às regras
(2024) GUILHERME DA FRANCA COUTO FERNANDES DE ALMEIDA; Leite, Fábio Carvalho; Assis, Rodolfo
Neste artigo, apresentam-se os resultados de duas pesquisas quantitativas observacionais realizadas no Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro. Com elas, investigaram-se processos envolvendo casos regulados pelo art. 20 do Código civil e pelo art. 19 do Marco civil da internet. Os resultados revelam que os juízes quase não mencionam esses dispositivos, mesmo em situações nas quais eles claramente se aplicam. Argumenta-se que esses resultados sinalizam uma atitude generalizada de desrespeito às regras primárias, o que torna o Direito brasileiro atípico do ponto de vista conceitual. Por fim, defende-se que, sob a perspectiva normativa, essa atipicidade é indesejável.
A Propriedade e o Bem Comum: Rio de Janeiro, do Século XIX ao Início do XX
(2024) PEDRO JIMENEZ CANTISANO
Este artigo explora a relação entre o bem comum – enquanto saúde, segurança e equipamentos públicos necessários para promover o bem-estar das pessoas – e a propriedade no Brasil, do século XIX ao início do XX. O argumento central é de que reformas urbanas e de saúde pública do final do século XIX e início do XX impulsionaram debates e transformações na relação entre bem comum e propriedade privada. Com base em um levantamento historiográfico e múltiplas fontes primárias, como processos judiciais, legislação, doutrina jurídica e jornais, mostro a construção de uma noção excludente de bem comum, que tratava os pobres, em sua maioria negros, como obstáculos à realização de objetivos coletivos. Em seguida, demonstro a intensificação das restrições impostas à propriedade privada com base nesse bem comum e analiso as transformações dessa relação durante o final do século XIX e início do XX. Focando na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, mostro como as reformas urbanas e sanitárias do início do século XX criaram um terreno fértil para que proprietários, inquilinos, ativistas, advogados, procuradores, juízes e juristas debatessem essa relação. Concluo apontando a importância da relação entre propriedade e bem comum para a história da propriedade no Brasil.
A informatização dos tribunais brasileiros e as mudanças na burocracia judiciária: linearidade e instantaneidade observadas com a ajuda da metodologia do text mining
(2024) LUCIANA YEUNG LUK TAI; Silva, Paulo Eduardo Alves da
Este artigo busca avaliar o papel da informatização dos tribunais brasileiros na eficiência da burocracia judicial. Para isso, foi aplicada a técnica de text mining a grandes bases para extrair dados eletrônicos sobre os andamentos processuais em quatro tribunais do país. O objetivo foi diagnosticar a quantidade de rotinas no andamento processual e outras informações dos processos informatizados, avaliando seus impactos na burocracia judiciária. Os resultados indicam que, apesar dos diferentes sistemas eletrônicos adotados, os padrões apresentados nas métricas analisadas nos quatro tribunais foram bastante semelhantes. Observa-se também que, apesar da informatização, a dependência do trabalho humano, especificamente dos servidores, ainda é muito intensa. Além disso, constatou-se grande quantidade de rotinas no andamento do processo (centenas e, em alguns casos, mais de mil), o que, apesar da curta duração de cada uma, acaba tornando o processo longo. Assim, por trás da aparente celeridade e eficiência do processo eletrônico, existe uma morosidade devido à exigência do cumprimento de inúmeras rotinas, o que pode ser o principal obstáculo à maior celeridade no processo judicial pós-informatização.
A aprendizagem da Libras na formação inicial de professores/Libras learning in initial teacher training
(2024) Lopes, Raquel Aparecida; Seixas, Catharine Prata; Neves, Sylvia Lia Grespan
Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar evidências da aprendizagem da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) por estudantes do curso de Pedagogia, além de refletir sobre a inclusão da disciplina de Libras no ensino superior e sua relevância na formação inicial de professores. Foi adotada uma abordagem qualitativa, investigando-se 10 estudantes de uma instituição privada de ensino superior no Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento no qual o pesquisador apresenta 2 frases em Libras, que os estudantes devem identificar e registrar. A análise dos dados revelou um baixo domínio dos estudantes na compreensão de estruturas frasais em Libras, indicando despreparo para atuar na educação de pessoas surdas e a necessidade de reavaliar a organização da disciplina de Libras nos currículos do ensino superior
Voting with the wallet: a principal-agent framework for the analysis of sustainable supply chains
(2024) BRUNO VARELLA MIRANDA; GUILHERME FOWLER DE AVILA MONTEIRO; Oliveira, Gustavo Magalhães de; VINICIUS PICANÇO RODRIGUES
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate delegation decisions in supply chains, exploring the metaphor that consumers who make environmentally and socially responsible choices are equivalent to voters in an election. Design/methodology/approach – This theoretical paper relies on the principles of agency theory to shed light on fundamental challenges that shape our ability to transform supply chains. Findings – This paper unravels two puzzles linked to delegation decisions within sustainable supply chains. It shows that as firms adopt sustainable production systems, their ability to convey relevant information that convinces consumers to enter in a delegation relationship diminishes, ceteris paribus; and once a delegation relationship is established, complementarity within the dimensions of the contract is necessary to guarantee the delivery of sustainability attributes. Research limitations/implications – The findings of this paper offer insights that can inspire empirical research on sustainable supply chain management. Practical implications – Policymakers and entrepreneurs willing to incentivize the transformation of supply chains must think about the nature of the relationship between firms and consumers. This paper provides a metaphor that can help practitioners to reinterpret their role as providers or consumers of products and services with sustainability attributes. Social implications – This paper provides insights that may enhance the understanding of how individual consumption decisions may contribute to transforming supply chains. Originality/value – This paper expands the repertoire of theoretical tools that can be applied to study the emergence and resilience of sustainable supply chains.
CURRÍCULO E MATERIAL DIDÁTICO NA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS EM UMA ESCOLA MUNICIPAL DE SALVADOR
(2024) Seixas, Catharine Prata; Correa, Ana Bárbara Assunção Vazquez; Lopes, Raquel Aparecida
O público da Educação de Jovens e Adultos é constituído prioritariamente por jovens, adultos e idosos que trabalham, sendo assim, o desafio para o corpo docente e gestão consiste em alinhar as perspectivas curriculares aos saberes desses atores sociais. O presente artigo apresenta como objetivo geral analisar o currículo e o material didático utilizado na Educação de Jovens e Adultos em uma escola municipal de Salvador, Bahia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter etnográfico, utilizou-se o método de análise documental. Foram realizadas 21 visitas de observação na turma de EJA I, Tempo de Aprendizagem III (TAP III). Os documentos oficiais utilizados como norteadores no processo de letramento dos atores sociais da EJA em Salvador foram os Saberes na EJA I: Tempo de Aprendizagem III, a Proposta Curricular para o 1º segmento e a Proposta Curricular do 2º segmento.
National Security Whistleblowing. Reflections on the Rationale for Exempting from Criminal Liability the Unauthorised Disclosure of Classified Information for the Purpose of Exposing State Wrongdoing
(2024) Stoco, Tatiana de Oliveira
The disclosure of wrongdoings by whistleblowers is currently encouraged by numerous countries. However, when it comes to disclosures involving illegal state secrets in matters of national security, there is a very different legislative treatment worldwide. Whistleblowers who disclose classified information with the purpose of revealing wrongdoings are usually convicted for espionage or other re lated crimes, even if their disclosures are of great public interest. The purpose of this paper is to explain why the behaviour of such whistleblowers deserves a certain degree of leniency and how this could be legally implemented. First, the arguments for and against the disclosure of classified information will be presented. Next, the role that unauthorised disclosures of classified information play in the pursuit of state transparency will be addressed. Finally, the article will present the central arguments in favour of the legitimacy of this behaviour and analyse the legal alternatives for a complete or partial exemption from criminal liability.
The dark side of the boom: dutch disease, competition with China, and technological upgrading in colombian manufacturing
(2024) Branstetter, Lee G.; Laverde-Cubillos, N. Ricardo
The natural resource boom of the 2000s spurred growth in income and consumption in many commodity-exporting nations. However, this paper brings together a previously unused combination of data sets from Colombia to document evidence of a downside – the currency appreciation associated with this boom led to a significant and persistent decline in R&D spending and in investment in technological upgrading by Colombian manufacturing firms. Our empirical strategy exploits differences in firms' sales across products and export destinations to create firm-specific measures of exposure to exchange rate shocks both abroad and at home. We link these new measurements of exchange rate exposure with Colombian micro data on R&D investment and technology upgrading. The key finding is that real exchange rate appreciation drives significant reductions in both firm-level R&D investment and a measure of technology upgrading that includes expenditure on capital goods, technology licensing, worker training, and other expenditures related to the adoption of new technology. Even after key commodity prices dropped significantly in the mid-2010s, inducing a substantial and long-lasting Colombian currency depreciation, investments in R&D and technology upgrading remained at subdued levels. Our estimated effects suggest that the resource boom and associated appreciation had a significant and persistent negative effect on technological development of Colombian manufacturing firm, and these conclusions remain even after careful attempts to simultaneously control for rising competition with Chinese manufacturers, which also had a negative effect on Colombian firms' technology investments, and the effects of trade liberalization at home and abroad. Similarities between Colombia and other commodity-exporters suggest that the effects documented in this paper may be widespread.
Indébitos Tributários e a Solução de Consulta Cosit n. 308/2023: o reconhecimento na contabilidade deve coincidir com a tributação?
(2024) Shingai, Thais Veiga
Este artigo examina a tributação de indébitos tributários à luz da contabilidade e do direito tributário, com enfoque no momento da incidência do IRPJ e da CSLL. A análise foi motivada pela evolução das interpretações da Receita Federal do Brasil e pela necessidade de distinguir entre o conceito contábil de receita e a disponibilidade econômica ou jurídica desses valores para fins tributários. A partir da análise de Soluções de Consulta, da normatização aplicável e da doutrina sobre o tema, concluiu-se que a determinação do momento correto para tributar os indébitos tributários exige uma avaliação cuidadosa da disponibilidade desses valores para o contribuinte, com destaque para a impossibilidade de se basear exclusivamente no tratamento contábil para fins tributários. Embora haja diversos pontos de intersecção entre os sistemas contábil e tributário, conhecer as diferenças entre eles é crucial para garantir que a tributação respeite os princípios da capacidade contributiva e da segurança jurídica.
"They don’t let us speak”: gender, collegiality, and interruptions in deliberations in the Brazilian Supreme Court
(2024) DIEGO WERNECK ARGUELHES; Alvim, Juliana Cesario; Nogueira, Rafaela; Wang, Henrique
In this paper, we examine a database containing court rulings and debates (acórdãos) of the Brazilian Supreme Court (“STF”) spanning from 1999 to 2018. Our objective is to analyze the relationship between gender and how judges behave when interacting with each other. Specifically, we investigate whether female judges are more likely to be interrupted by their colleagues during oral debates. Our data are built on real-time public interactions between the judges, as recorded in the Court's transcripts. The results show that female STF judges are interrupted more often than their male counterparts. While male judges display no specific effects, all three female judges in our data display a very significant and positive probability of being interrupted, as compared to their male colleagues participating in the same deliberations. These results show that, even in institutions designed to protect rights of political minorities, including women, gender dynamics, stereotypes and hierarchies can affect the functioning of courts in visible ways, with potential impacts on the rest of the judiciary and the legal profession. They also suggest that merely increasing the number of female judges, without addressing underlying gender dynamics and procedural rules in the judicial decision-making process, is insufficient to tackle the disadvantages women face within those institutions.
Digital Twin data architecture for Product-Service Systems
(2024) Durão, Luiz Fernando C.S.; Zancul, Eduardo; Schützer, Klaus
The digital representation of physical products by Digital Twins has been increasingly perceived as a relevant enabler for Product-Service Systems (PSS). Digital Twins concentrate product data that can be applied to generate insights and thus support value-added services. However, the literature on the intersection between Digital Twin and PSS has only recently started to receive more attention. There are still research gaps related to the required data and systems integration. In this context, this research aims to propose a Digital Twin data architecture to support Product-Service Systems operation. A Design Science Research (DSR) approach is applied, and the proposed architecture has been implemented and tested. Assessment results indicated that the proposed Digital Twin architecture fulfills the four requirements established from the literature: 1) facilitate and support the service offering; 2) acquire and transmit field operation and customer data; 3) integrate design and manufacturing data; 4) guarantee real-time monitoring, data integration, and data fidelity. The presented results provide an original contribution to the research area and can serve as a reference for applying Digital Twin to support PSS in practice.
From power asymmetry to collective action: Brazilian developers in the digital games ecosystem
(2024) CHARLES KIRSCHBAUM; Sakuda, Luiz Ojima
The purpose of the article is to explore the perceptions of Brazilian game developers about the power relations between them and the sponsors of digital game platforms. It also aims to identify forms of collective action that developers can use to counteract the asymmetry of power.
Entrepreneurship in times of economic stress: unraveling the U-shaped relationship between the internality of causal attributions and growth
(2024) GUILHERME FOWLER DE AVILA MONTEIRO; RINALDO ARTES
Purpose – This paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurs’ internality of causal attributions and firm growth during an economic crisis. We propose a U-shaped relationship between the two variables, arguing that the highest-growth entrepreneurs are those with either the highest or lowest levels of internal attribution (IA) during such periods.
Multichannel relational communication strategy: does one-sized strategy fit all customers?
(2024) CARLA SOFIA DIAS MOREIRA RAMOS; ADRIANA BRUSCATO BORTOLUZZO; DANNY PIMENTEL CLARO
This study aims to capture how the association between a multichannel relational communication strategy (MRCS) and customer performance is contingent upon such customer performance (low- versus high-performance customers) and to reconcile past contradictory results in this marketing-related topic. To this end, the authors propose and validate the method of quantile regression as an unconventional, yet effective, means to proceed to that reconciliation.
Access to fresh food in vulnerable urban areas: a classificatory study of slums and formal establishments in São Paulo
(2024) ANDRÉ LUIS DE CASTRO MOURA DUARTE; VINICIUS PICANÇO RODRIGUES; Alves, Raquel Carolinne Freitas; Oliveira, Gustavo Magalhães de
The environment significantly influences individuals’ food choices. Vulnerable urban areas, such as favelas, can have a decisive impact on discouraging the consumption of fresh, nutritionally rich foods. This issue is exacerbated by the urban infrastructure required to deliver fresh foods to these locations. Therefore, it is essential to understand the context of the favelas in the municipality of São Paulo in terms of the food environment and infrastructure to support the design of public policies that enhance the presence of minimally processed foods in these areas. We applied the k-means clustering method to two datasets: the food environment of favelas, characterized by food establishments, and the urban infrastructure of the favelas in the municipality of São Paulo. Of the city’s 1,701 favelas, only 271 have formally registered food establishments. Larger favelas with better urban infrastructure generally exhibited a food environment with greater access to fresh foods. The results suggest that investing in urban infrastructure can increase access to fresh foods in these areas. It is also necessary to consider local specificities to find effective solutions that increase the availability of minimally processed foods, thereby improving the population’s quality of life and health.
Media manipulation in young democracies: evidence from the 1989 brazilian presidential election
(2024) Cavgias, Alexsandros; Corbi, Raphael; Meloni, Luis; Novaes, Lucas M.
We investigate how dominant media networks can manipulate voters in young democracies. During the first presidential election after the democratic transition in Brazil, TV Globo, the largest and most-watched network in the country, unexpectedly manipulated the news coverage of the last debate 2 days before the decisive second round. In a video segment, Globo unfavorably depicted the left-wing candidate, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Using the geographical distribution of broadcaster-specific TV signals and the timing of election events, we identify the effect of the manipulation net of the effect of the debate itself, showing that Globo’s misleading reporting caused Lula to lose millions of votes. Our results showcase how the media can reshape an election in a single stroke, especially where the media is concentrated and politically inexperienced voters have few other sources of information.
All-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality and wildfire-related ozone: a multicountry two-stage time series analysis
(2024) Chen, Gongbo; Guo, Yuming; Yue, Xu; Xu, Rongbin; Yu, Wenhua; Ye, Tingting; Tong, Shilu; Gasparrini, Antonio; Bell, Michelle L; Armstrong, Ben; Schwartz, Joel; Jaakkola , Jouni J K; Lavigne , Eric; Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento; Kan, Haidong; Royé, Dominic; Urban, Aleš; Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana Maria; Tobias, Aurelio; Forsberg, Bertil; Sera, Francesco; Lei, Yadong; Abramson, Michael J; Li, Shanshan

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