Coleção Insper Business and Economics Working Papers
URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/5740
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9 resultados
Resultados da Pesquisa
- Salience-Biased Nested Logit(2025) Caluz, Antonio Daniel; JOSÉ HELENO FARO; Sanches, Fabio MiessiThis paper introduces a two-level nested stochastic choice model in which nest probabilities are driven by salience. A category comprises alternatives that might be costly to gather information about, and we implicitly assume that market leaders are easier to familiarize oneself with. By learning about those alternatives more affordably, the items with the highest probability within each category become their respective saliences when selecting the category. Formally, a partition of the available options defines the collection of nests (categories), while a Luce function assigns weights to all alternatives. These two components represent the salience-biased nested logit (SBNL) model, which differs from the standard nested logit (NL) model primarily because the nest probabilities are determined solely by the highest probability within each category, which defines the corresponding salient alternative in our approach. Like the NL model, the Luce model is applicable within categories. While SBNL usually violates regularity, which leads to a form of market leader effect, we can develop a specific case of our model within the conventional random utility framework and demonstrate its broad applicability in practice under a standard parametric specification for utility. This results in a well-specified method for estimating the model’s parameters using individual or aggregate market data. It serves as an additional tool for analyzing market shares and clarifying how price elasticities may display different patterns according to marginal effects on demand stemming from variations in the prices of market share leaders (the salient ones) compared to price changes in non-leader alternatives.
- Elections that Inspire: Effects of Black Mayors on Educational Attainment(2024) Ikawa, Jorge; Martins, Clarice; Sant’Anna, Pedro C.; ROGERIO BIANCHI SANTARROSAWe study the impact of Black mayor’s election in Brazil on Black students’ educational attainment. Using a regression discontinuity design on close elections, we find that Black students from municipalities where Black candidates won are more likely to enroll in the National High School Examination, attend universities, and graduate. We find suggestive evidence that students’ aspirations play a role: secondary/tertiary education is not mayor’s primary responsibility; Black mayors do not perform better in policies that affect our outcomes; and effects are strong for Black students from both public and private schools, while weaker for White students from public schools.
- Gender and Top Lifetime Earnings Inequality: Ten New Facts from Brazil(2024) Martinez, Tomás R.; Martins Neto, Antonio; URSULA MATTIOLI MELLOThis paper presents ten new facts on gender and top lifetime earnings inequality in Brazil, drawing on rich administrative data covering nearly the entire formal labor market from 1985 to 2018. We document significant gender disparities in lifetime earn ings, particularly among top earners, where women are both underrepresented and face larger earnings gaps compared to men. We identify key drivers of this inequality, in cluding career interruptions, occupational segregation, employment in large firms, and job-switching patterns. Public sector employment partially mitigates these gaps.
- Assessing the Permanent Income Hypothesis in Poor Areas: The Case of Rural Pensions in Brazil(2024) Komatsu, Bruno Kawaoka; Dias, Lucas; NAERCIO AQUINO MENEZES FILHOIn Brazil, poor women in family agriculture are entitled to a monthly unconditional pension from the government when they turn 55, a large predictable income increase for rural families. In this paper, we use a national family expenditure survey and a fuzzy regression discontinuity design strategy to estimate the impacts of that pension on consumption, finance and labor market indicators. We show that the pension increases income by 50%, but does not change the consumption of non-durables or food insecurity. Loans repayments rise upon receipt of the pension, which implies that access to credit allowed consumption smoothing. We also find heterogeneity of responses by socioeconomic status, with women with lower education levels driving the result, while those with higher education levels increased their non-durable spending. These findings lend support to the standard life-cycle consumption model, even in very poor environments.
- I’ve Got You Covered: The Role of Spousal Information Sharing in Applying for Social Security Pensions in Rural Brazil(2024) Souza, Augusto Ranier de A.; NAERCIO AQUINO MENEZES FILHO; Komatsu, Bruno KawaokaIn this paper, we assess the mechanism of spousal information sharing about retirement benefits as a key factor determining access to social security among married Brazilian couples residing in rural areas. Employing a regression discontinuity design, we unveil a significant increase in the probability of an individual’s access to an age-related retirement benefit as a result of his/her partner gaining access to it, even in cases where the individual was previously already entitled to the benefit. We also show that the effect is stronger among low educated couples and that the hypothesis of retirement spillovers cannot account for this phenomenon.
- Revisiting the Facts of Economic Growth: insights from assessing misallocation over 70 years for up to 100 countries(2024) Martinez, Tomas R.; Santos, Thiago Trafane OliveiraAssessments of the role played by misallocation in shaping total factor productivity (TFP) have been hindered by constraints in the availability of firm-level data. This paper addresses this issue by developing a static Cournot model that primarily requires standard macroeconomic data to estimate market-power-driven misallocation. We apply this framework to decompose aggregate TFP into technology and allocative efficiency components from 1950 to 2019 for up to a hundred countries from the Penn World Table 10.01. Utilizing this decomposition, we revisit key facts of economic growth. On the one hand, we evaluate the world income frontier as proxied by the US, finding that changes in misallocation can significantly impact short-run growth. On the other hand, we examine the economic performance around the world. Misallocation enhances our understanding of cross-country income differences, even though a substantial unexplained portion persists. We also find a lack of convergence in allocative efficiency, suggesting market-power-driven misallocation is linked, in the long run, to long-lasting country-specific factors such as institutions.
- Índice Folha de Equilíbrio Racial Relatório Técnico 2022(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonEste relatório apresenta os principais resultados referentes ao Índice de Equilíbrio Racial (IER), desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos Raciais do Insper em parceria com a Folha de São Paulo. O Índice avalia o equilíbrio da representação racial no Brasil tem três componentes: Renda, Educação e Longevidade, agregando essas três dimensões em um índice composto, o IER. A análise inclui os anos de 2001 até 2021, incluindo os níveis nacional, regional e estadual. Os resultados mostram grandes avanços na dimensão da Educação, uma certa estagnação na dimensão da Renda, e aumento das desigualdades raciais na dimensão Longevidade. O IER como um todo mostra avanço lento, sendo necessário mais de 100 anos para atingirmos o equilíbrio racial. Além do IER, também apresentamos resultados mais detalhados para educação, incluindo desequilíbrios raciais no Ensino Fundamental (EF) completo e incompleto e Ensino Médio completo. Também avaliamos o equilíbrio em relação a matriculas totais e nas series adequadas ao longo da infância e juventude. O atraso escolar já surge nos primeiros anos do EF e cresce muito na passagem do EM para a fase universitária. Porém, houveram ganhos nas últimas duas décadas em todas essas dimensões.
Working Paper Land, Property and Urban Planning(2024) Sala, Safira De La; Alterman, RachelleOne of the most pressing issues of present times is climate change. With over 55% of the world population living in cities, the question is particularly relevant for urban settlements, and how to consolidate environmental justice in such scenarios. How shall the rule of law approach the matter? It will depend on each place's specific environmental, social and cultural elements, keeping in mind the most needed safeguard of fundamental rights. One of those is property. How does property, underpinning land use and urban planning law, relate to such challenges? This chapter aims to provide an introductory theoretical overview of real (land-related) property and climate change. (Henceforth, by “property” we will be referring to real property). We argue that the impact of property rights on mitigation and adaptation to climate change can be both positive and negative. These will differ across different property rights and planning law regimes in contending with the challenges of climate change.Working Paper Analyzing determinants of foreign credit demand for sovereign bonds*(2021) Silva, Victor Hugo C. Alexandrino da; Drzeviechi, Maria Clara; Garcia, Gabriella; Netto, Augusto A. S.This paper aims to investigate the economic determinants of foreign credit demand for sovereign bonds in selected emerging and advanced countries. Furthermore, it is an objective to understand what causes a greater impact on this demand: the country’s domestic macroeconomic fundamentals or the external global environment. To this end, using data on share of foreign demand for sovereign bonds, an econometric analysis will be conducted with panel data from 2004 to 2019 for 45 emerging and advanced markets. The main findings show that both domestic fundamentals and the external environment affect the foreign participation in sovereign debt, but results vary depending on the degree of development and the channel through each variable affect our dependent variable. We find that domestic fundamentals seem to be related with the increase in foreign participation for both group of economies, but with different magnitudes and interpretation. For some variables, it is more related to the foreign demand of sovereign bonds and, for others, associated with the bond supply. The degree of development also seems to be important to the external environment. For some variables (US nominal interest rate), the ’search for yield’ plays a major role for the bond demand. But, for others (as the FX volatility and the VIX Index), the global demand is related with foreign investors’ risk aversion. Finally, we found that, in times of global turmoil, domestic fundamentals matter less for foreign attractiveness than in times when the global volatility is low.