Working Papers
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3232
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Resultados da Pesquisa
- Public Services under Private Management(2025) Coube, Maíra; LUIZ FELIPE CAMPOS FONTES; Rocha, RudiTheory predicts that outsourcing public services to the private sector can reduce costs and improve efficiency, but can also induce cost-cutting measures and compromise quality should the surplus rights be controlled by firms. We empirically assess the effects of the Brazilian “Organizations Sociais de Saúde” model (OSS), which involves specifically outsourcing the management of public hospital services to the private sector while keeping surplus rights with the state. We use a difference-in-differences approach to assess OSS effects, and document evidence of enhanced hospital production and operational efficiency without adverse effects on hospital quality and equity. Increased in patient production addresses previously unmet demand, expanding local access to hospital care and contributing to declines in population mortality. Performance gains primarily arise from improved operational efficiency achieved through increased hospital management capacity. Such capacity facilitates staffing adjustments, favouring higher-skilled personnel, dismissing lower-productivity staff, and adopting flexible, performance-tied employment contracts. Effects are especially pronounced among private organisations with more management experience, underscoring positive returns to managerial capacity. Our findings support the view that incentive-ownership structures can potentially address the conventional quantity-quality trade-off in public service delivery, even within the challenging policy context of a developing country.
- Salience-Biased Nested Logit(2025) Caluz, Antonio Daniel; JOSÉ HELENO FARO; Sanches, Fabio MiessiThis paper introduces a two-level nested stochastic choice model in which nest probabilities are driven by salience. A category comprises alternatives that might be costly to gather information about, and we implicitly assume that market leaders are easier to familiarize oneself with. By learning about those alternatives more affordably, the items with the highest probability within each category become their respective saliences when selecting the category. Formally, a partition of the available options defines the collection of nests (categories), while a Luce function assigns weights to all alternatives. These two components represent the salience-biased nested logit (SBNL) model, which differs from the standard nested logit (NL) model primarily because the nest probabilities are determined solely by the highest probability within each category, which defines the corresponding salient alternative in our approach. Like the NL model, the Luce model is applicable within categories. While SBNL usually violates regularity, which leads to a form of market leader effect, we can develop a specific case of our model within the conventional random utility framework and demonstrate its broad applicability in practice under a standard parametric specification for utility. This results in a well-specified method for estimating the model’s parameters using individual or aggregate market data. It serves as an additional tool for analyzing market shares and clarifying how price elasticities may display different patterns according to marginal effects on demand stemming from variations in the prices of market share leaders (the salient ones) compared to price changes in non-leader alternatives.
- Desigualdade Racial nas Eleições Brasileiras (Racial Inequality in Brazilian Elections)(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelUsing data from Brazilian elections for federal and state legislative chambers from 2014 and 2018, we investigated the measure of racial balance in descriptive representation, that is, how much candidates and elected representatives reflect the racial composition of the population. We construct a Racial Balance Index (RBI) that aims to compare the percentage of black candidates and elected representatives with their percentage in the electorate. We analyze this index at the national and state levels, as well as within parties, also taking into account their ideological position. The results indicate some racial balance with respect to candidacies, but a high imbalance when we consider the elected representatives. To complement the analysis, we also investigated racial disparities in access to campaign resources. We found that not only do black candidates receive fewer resources on average, but these resources are more concentrated among them.
- Índice Folha de Equilíbrio Racial Relatório Técnico 2022(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonEste relatório apresenta os principais resultados referentes ao Índice de Equilíbrio Racial (IER), desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos Raciais do Insper em parceria com a Folha de São Paulo. O Índice avalia o equilíbrio da representação racial no Brasil tem três componentes: Renda, Educação e Longevidade, agregando essas três dimensões em um índice composto, o IER. A análise inclui os anos de 2001 até 2021, incluindo os níveis nacional, regional e estadual. Os resultados mostram grandes avanços na dimensão da Educação, uma certa estagnação na dimensão da Renda, e aumento das desigualdades raciais na dimensão Longevidade. O IER como um todo mostra avanço lento, sendo necessário mais de 100 anos para atingirmos o equilíbrio racial. Além do IER, também apresentamos resultados mais detalhados para educação, incluindo desequilíbrios raciais no Ensino Fundamental (EF) completo e incompleto e Ensino Médio completo. Também avaliamos o equilíbrio em relação a matriculas totais e nas series adequadas ao longo da infância e juventude. O atraso escolar já surge nos primeiros anos do EF e cresce muito na passagem do EM para a fase universitária. Porém, houveram ganhos nas últimas duas décadas em todas essas dimensões.
- Descriptive Representation in Politics: A Measurement Proposal and Application for Brazil(2023) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Pereira, Leila; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelThis paper introduces a new measure of descriptive representation in politics. It improves upon simple measures such as the share or the number of elected minorities by also taking into account the minority size among the represented. Moreover, contrary to disproportionality measures that are sometimes employed in the context of descriptive representation, our measure attains the upper bound in more usual situations. Based on the statistical properties of our index, we derive hypothesis tests that can be used to assess the likelihood of a representative body's observed composition being the result of an unbiased process.To illustrate its use, we apply the proposed index to evaluate the racial imbalances in the 2014 and 2018 Brazilian National and State legislative elections. This exercise shows that the inclusion of Non-whites in institutional politics has been partial and restricted only to candidacies. The imbalance among elected representatives is considerably larger than among candidates and we can reject the hypothesis that it was generated by chance in the majority of Brazilian states. We also investigate differences between left-wing and right-wing parties, observing lower imbalances among candidates in the left, but no difference when we restrict the analysis to elected representatives.
Working Paper Land, Property and Urban Planning(2024) Sala, Safira De La; Alterman, RachelleOne of the most pressing issues of present times is climate change. With over 55% of the world population living in cities, the question is particularly relevant for urban settlements, and how to consolidate environmental justice in such scenarios. How shall the rule of law approach the matter? It will depend on each place's specific environmental, social and cultural elements, keeping in mind the most needed safeguard of fundamental rights. One of those is property. How does property, underpinning land use and urban planning law, relate to such challenges? This chapter aims to provide an introductory theoretical overview of real (land-related) property and climate change. (Henceforth, by “property” we will be referring to real property). We argue that the impact of property rights on mitigation and adaptation to climate change can be both positive and negative. These will differ across different property rights and planning law regimes in contending with the challenges of climate change.- Public Childcare, Labor Market Outcomes of Caregivers, and Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Brazil(2022) Attanasio, Orazio; RICARDO PAES DE BARROS; Carneiro, Pedro; Evans, David K.; Lima, Lycia; Olinto, Pedro; Schady, NorbertThis study examines the impact of publicly provided daycare for children aged 0-3 on outcomes of children and their caregivers over the course of seven years after enrollment into daycare. At the end of 2007, the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil used a lottery to assign children to limited public daycare openings. Winning the lottery translated to a 34 percent increase in total time in daycare during a child’s first four years of life. This allowed caregivers more time to work, resulting in higher incomes for beneficiary households in the first year of daycare attendance and 4 years later (but not after 7 years, by which time all children were eligible for universal schooling). The rise in labor force participation is driven primarily by grandparents and by adolescent siblings residing in the same household as (and possibly caring for) the child, and not by parents, most of whom were already working. Beneficiary children saw sustained gains in height-for-age and weight-for- age, likely due to the better nutritional intake they benefit from in daycare. Shorter term gains in beneficiary children’s cognitive development were also observed, driven primarily by a short term improvement in home resources and environments.
- Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades(2023) Piza, Caio; ISABELA BRANDÃO FURTADO; Amorim, Vivian de FatimaThis paper investigates whether providing financial education in elementary and middle school grades improves students' financial proficiency and actual behavior. It uses a cluster randomized control trial to evaluate a pilot program implemented in 101 Brazilian municipal schools in 2015. The findings show positive impacts on financial proficiency, mainly among middle school students, and suggestive evidence of improvements in short-term behavioral outcomes. However, the analysis indicates that the program did not impact students' school achievements in both the short and longer terms, which suggests that the program's effects were not strong enough to shift students' behavior decisions.