Relação entre folga financeira e desempenho econômico nas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto
N/D
Autores
Prado, Rodrigo Casemiro do
Orientador
Co-orientadores
Citações na Scopus
Tipo de documento
Dissertação
Data
2024
Resumo
O processo de financiamento das operações de uma empresa é complexo e composto
por diversos fatores, variáveis e importantes tomadas de decisões acerca do
gerenciamento de recursos, alocação de capital, folga ou escassez financeira, que são
determinantes para o desempenho e sustentabilidade da companhia.
A folga financeira consiste na capacidade da companhia em converter ativos em
recursos excedentes aos necessários para a liquidação de suas dívidas, podendo ser
caracterizada pelos índices de liquidez da empresa, ou seja, é a diferença entre os
recursos disponíveis da empresa e os pagamentos necessários para mantê-la solvente
(Cyert, March; 1963).
A alocação de recursos na empresa, com intuito de maximizar os índices de liquidez,
pode associar-se ao crescimento da empresa e, consequente, melhora de seus
indicadores de desempenho (Bueren, Starosky Filho, Krespi; 2014).
Nesta esteira, um dos objetivos do excesso de recursos na empresa (folga financeira) é
de viabilizar e concretizar o seu planejamento organizacional e estratégico, tais como,
projetos de inovação, investimentos, expansão, dentre outros (Daniel et al.; 2004).
No entanto, esse excesso de folga financeira pode ser prejudicial ao desempenho da
companhia, pois gera ineficiência no gerenciamento e aproveitamento dos recursos
excedentes.
O gerenciamento da folga financeira seria realizado através da gestão da estrutura de
capital com a manutenção de capacidade de endividamento ociosa, sendo necessária
uma análise longitudinal e relativa para verificar sua presença.
Deste modo, avaliar e definir a melhor estrutura de capital de uma empresa é
fundamental, visto que determina a combinação das fontes de seu financiamento,
mensurando o montante de dívida utilizada em relação ao seu capital próprio.
Assim, em busca de maximizar o desempenho econômico, elevar lucratividade e
crescimento, as empresas devem otimizar sua estrutura de capital, garantindo eficiência
na utilização de recursos e, eventual, tomada de dívida.
Logo, uma boa gestão da folga financeira pode estar relacionada ao desempenho
econômico e financeiro das empresas, já que pode determinar a capacidade de levantar
capital e investimentos.
Na literatura de finanças corporativas a folga financeira é apresentada como um dos
fatores determinantes para a melhoria dos resultados das empresas, sugerindo que
empresas com maior folga financeira podem maximizar os seus resultados e melhorar
o desempenho.
No entanto, estudos contemporâneos sobre o tema divergem em seus resultados,
sinalizando que o excesso de recursos pode implicar ineficiência, subaproveitamento de
oportunidades e redução do desempenho, demonstrando, assim, a relevância de
explorarmos mais o tema.
Ademais, o cenário macroeconômico pode influenciar, sobremaneira, essa relação
determinando um melhor desempenho das empresas em períodos de crise e recessão
econômica.
Outrossim, empiricamente e alguns estudos indicam que efeito da folga financeira no
desempenho das firmas se apresenta de forma não linear, demonstrando a existência
de um ponto de inflexão para essa relação.
Destarte, a busca de um ponto ótimo é indispensável para que as empresas garantam
o crescimento de desempenho e sustentabilidade de sua operação.
Desta forma, para contribuir com o debate, este estudo analisou o comportamento da
folga financeira e a existência de uma curva que influencia no resultado e desempenho
das empresas do mercado brasileiro, destacando as alterações que podem surgem
nessa relação em períodos de crise e não crise.
A presente pesquisa utilizou dados financeiros e de mercado das empresas, não
financeiras, listadas na bolsa de valores brasileira - B3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão,
coletados durante o período de 2010 a 2022, para investigar a relação entre a folga
financeira da firma e seu desempenho, através da análise dos indicadores do Retorno
sobre o Ativo (ROA), Retorno sobre o Capital Investido (ROIC), Tobin’s Q (TQ), Folga
Financeira de Curto Prazo (STSlack), Folga Financeira de Longo Prazo (LTSlack),
Tamanho da Empresa, Crescimento das Vendas (CV), Endividamento (ENDIV) e
Tangibilidade (TANG).
Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostram, com grau de significância, que os
indicadores de folga financeira utilizados têm impacto, estatisticamente, significante nos
resultados e desempenho das empresas. Essa relação é mais relevante, em magnitude,
com relação ao efeito positivo da variável STSlack, representada pelo saldo em
tesouraria, em relação aos indicadores Q-Tobin, ROIC e ROA.
Ademais, existe um efeito não linear (curvilíneo) que atenua o impacto de primeira
ordem. O efeito é, em média, maior em períodos de crise, sendo a folga financeira de
longo prazo mais relevante.
Cumpre destacar que o efeito não linear é atenuado em períodos de crise e recessão
econômica.
Por fim, os resultados encontrados no estudo mostram retornos marginais
decrescentes, sugerindo a existência de um ponto “ótimo” de recursos em excesso a
serem mantidos para maximizar os resultados corporativos, especialmente em períodos
de crise e recessão econômica, evitando desperdícios e subaproveitamento de
oportunidades, demonstrando, assim, que o efeito da folga financeira no desempenho
é curvilíneo e não linear
The process of financing a company's operations is complex and composed of several factors, variables and important decision making regarding resource management, capital allocation, financial slack or scarcity, which are decisive for the company’s performance and sustainability. Financial slack consists of the company's ability to convert assets into resources in excess of those needed to settle its debts, and can be characterized by the company's liquidity ratios, that is, it is the difference between the company's available resources and the payments required to keep it solvente (Cyert, March; 1963). The allocation of resources within the company, with the aim of maximizing liquidity rates, can be associated with the company's growth and, consequently, an improvement in its performance indicators (Bueren, Starosky Filho, Krespi; 2014). In this sense, one of the objectives of excess resources in the company (financial slack) is to facilitate and implement its organizational and strategic planning, such as innovation projects, investments, expansion, among others (Daniel et al.; 2004). However, this excess financial slack can be detrimental to the company's performance, as it generates inefficiency in the management and use of surplus resources. The management of financial slack would be carried out through the management of the capital structure with the maintenance of idle debt capacity, requiring a longitudinal and relative analysis to verify its presence. Therefore, evaluating and defining the best capital structure for a company is fundamental, as it determines the combination of its financing sources, measuring the amount of debt used in relation to its equity. Therefore, in search of maximizing economic performance, increasing profitability and growth, companies must optimize their capital structure, ensuring efficiency in the use of resources and, eventually, taking on debt. A good management of financial slack can be related to the economic and financial performance of companies, as it can determine the ability to raise capital and investments. In the corporate finance literature, financial slack is presented as one of the determining factors for improving company results, suggesting that companies with greater financial slack can maximize their results and improve performance. However, contemporary studies on the topic differ in their results, indicating that excess resources can imply inefficiency, underutilization of opportunities and reduced performance, this demonstrating the relevance of exploring the topic further. Furthermore, the macroeconomic scenario can greatly influence this relationship, determining better performance for companies in periods of crisis and economic recession. Furthermore, empirically and some studies indicate that the effect of financial slack on firm performance is non-linear, demonstrating the existence of an inflection point for this relationship. Therefore, the search for an optimal point is essential for companies to guarantee the growth in performance and sustainability of their operations. This way, to contribute to the debate, this study analyzed the behavior of financial slack and the existence of a curve that influences the results and performance of companies in the Brazilian market, highlighting the changes that may arise in this relationship in periods of crisis and non-crisis. This research used financial and market data from non-financial companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange - B3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão, collected during the period from 2010 to 2022, to investigate the relationship between the firm's financial slack and its performance, through the analysis of the indicators of Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Invested Capital (ROIC), Tobin’s Q (TQ), Short-Term Financial Slack (STSlack), Long-Term Financial Slack (LTSlack), Company Size, Sales Growth (CV), Debt (ENDIV) and Tangibility (TANG). The results obtained in this study show, with a level of significance, that the financial slack indicators used have a statistically significant impact on the results and performance of companies. This relationship is more relevant, in magnitude, in relation to the positive effect of the STSlack Variable, represented by the treasury balance, in relation to the Q-Tobin, ROIC and ROA indicators. Furthermore, there is a non-linear (curvilinear) effect that attenuates the first-order impact. The effect is, on average, greater in periods of crisis, with long-term financial slack being more relevant. It should be noted that the non-linear effect is attenuated in periods of economic crisis and recession. Finally, the results found in the study show decreasing marginal returns, suggesting the existence of an “optimal” point of excess resources to be maintained to maximize corporate results, especially in periods of economic crisis and recession, avoiding waste and underutilization of opportunities, thus demonstrating that the effect of financial slack on performance is curvilinear and not linear.
The process of financing a company's operations is complex and composed of several factors, variables and important decision making regarding resource management, capital allocation, financial slack or scarcity, which are decisive for the company’s performance and sustainability. Financial slack consists of the company's ability to convert assets into resources in excess of those needed to settle its debts, and can be characterized by the company's liquidity ratios, that is, it is the difference between the company's available resources and the payments required to keep it solvente (Cyert, March; 1963). The allocation of resources within the company, with the aim of maximizing liquidity rates, can be associated with the company's growth and, consequently, an improvement in its performance indicators (Bueren, Starosky Filho, Krespi; 2014). In this sense, one of the objectives of excess resources in the company (financial slack) is to facilitate and implement its organizational and strategic planning, such as innovation projects, investments, expansion, among others (Daniel et al.; 2004). However, this excess financial slack can be detrimental to the company's performance, as it generates inefficiency in the management and use of surplus resources. The management of financial slack would be carried out through the management of the capital structure with the maintenance of idle debt capacity, requiring a longitudinal and relative analysis to verify its presence. Therefore, evaluating and defining the best capital structure for a company is fundamental, as it determines the combination of its financing sources, measuring the amount of debt used in relation to its equity. Therefore, in search of maximizing economic performance, increasing profitability and growth, companies must optimize their capital structure, ensuring efficiency in the use of resources and, eventually, taking on debt. A good management of financial slack can be related to the economic and financial performance of companies, as it can determine the ability to raise capital and investments. In the corporate finance literature, financial slack is presented as one of the determining factors for improving company results, suggesting that companies with greater financial slack can maximize their results and improve performance. However, contemporary studies on the topic differ in their results, indicating that excess resources can imply inefficiency, underutilization of opportunities and reduced performance, this demonstrating the relevance of exploring the topic further. Furthermore, the macroeconomic scenario can greatly influence this relationship, determining better performance for companies in periods of crisis and economic recession. Furthermore, empirically and some studies indicate that the effect of financial slack on firm performance is non-linear, demonstrating the existence of an inflection point for this relationship. Therefore, the search for an optimal point is essential for companies to guarantee the growth in performance and sustainability of their operations. This way, to contribute to the debate, this study analyzed the behavior of financial slack and the existence of a curve that influences the results and performance of companies in the Brazilian market, highlighting the changes that may arise in this relationship in periods of crisis and non-crisis. This research used financial and market data from non-financial companies listed on the Brazilian stock exchange - B3 S.A. - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão, collected during the period from 2010 to 2022, to investigate the relationship between the firm's financial slack and its performance, through the analysis of the indicators of Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Invested Capital (ROIC), Tobin’s Q (TQ), Short-Term Financial Slack (STSlack), Long-Term Financial Slack (LTSlack), Company Size, Sales Growth (CV), Debt (ENDIV) and Tangibility (TANG). The results obtained in this study show, with a level of significance, that the financial slack indicators used have a statistically significant impact on the results and performance of companies. This relationship is more relevant, in magnitude, in relation to the positive effect of the STSlack Variable, represented by the treasury balance, in relation to the Q-Tobin, ROIC and ROA indicators. Furthermore, there is a non-linear (curvilinear) effect that attenuates the first-order impact. The effect is, on average, greater in periods of crisis, with long-term financial slack being more relevant. It should be noted that the non-linear effect is attenuated in periods of economic crisis and recession. Finally, the results found in the study show decreasing marginal returns, suggesting the existence of an “optimal” point of excess resources to be maintained to maximize corporate results, especially in periods of economic crisis and recession, avoiding waste and underutilization of opportunities, thus demonstrating that the effect of financial slack on performance is curvilinear and not linear.
Palavras-chave
estrutura de capital; folga financeira; desempenho financeiro; recessão econômica e sustentabilidade; capital structure; financial slack; financial performance; economic recession and sustainability
Titulo de periódico
URL da fonte
Título de Livro
URL na Scopus
Idioma
Português
Notas
Possui Sumário Executivo
Membros da banca
Área do Conhecimento CNPQ
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::ECONOMIA