Coleção de Artigos em Andamento [Working Papers]
URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3233
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- Subway Expansion, Jobs Accessibility and Home Value Appreciation in Four Global Cities: Considering Both Local and Network Effects(2021) ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA; Ramos, Camila; Zheng, SiqiWe explore the potential of incorporating accessibility analysis in studying the impact of subway expansions on the real estate market. We first demonstrate that using increases in accessibility to firms as a continuous treatment variable instead of its binary alternative, the station-dummy approach, yields better goodness-of-fit in a quasi-experimental econometric analysis. We show that the dummy treatment variable consistently reported overestimated coefficients of impact for new subway stations. Furthermore, accessibility measures allow the exploration of impacts beyond the local effects around new subway stations, shedding light on network impact that has been largely overlooked in the literature. To provide greater external validity to our results, we apply the same analysis to the cities of Santiago (Chile), São Paulo (Brazil), Singapore, and Barcelona (Spain) and explore the common results. We argue that the integration of urban economics and transportation analysis can bring innovation to the empirical approach commonly adopted in the literature, and the use of accessibility measures in causal empirical studies on transportation impacts can produce more robust and comprehensive results and capture the nuanced spatial heterogeneity effects.
- Índice de Equilíbrio Racial: Uma proposta de mensuração da desigualdade racial entre e dentro das categorias ocupacionais(2020) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Rodrigues, Lucas C.O objetivo deste trabalho e apresentar uma proposta para monitorar a desigualdade racial no mercado de trabalho ao longo do tempo. Para isso, propõe-se o Índice de Equilíbrio Racial (IER). Esse índice representa uma forma de medir o quanto a distribuição ocupacional por raça de determinada unidade (firma, setor, região) diverge da distribuição ocupacional por raça em uma população de referência. Um exemplo é a comparação da distribuição ocupacional por raça numa firma com a mesma distribuição na população economicamente ativa. Com essa métrica, é possível visualizar a magnitude do desequilíbrio racial em empresas e regiões. Isso possibilita o monitoramento da situação racial no mercado formal de trabalho e, consequentemente, contribui para a avaliação e o desenvolvimento de políticas de promoção de equidade racial. Além disso, o trabalho fornece uma proposta metodológica para se estimar o volume de recursos que seriam destinados a população negra caso não houvesse discrepância entre as unidades estudadas e a população de referência.
- Social Inequality from the perspective of the Racial Balance Index(2021) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonBrazil still has a long way to go in facing its deep social problems. In order to offer a new perspective on Brazilian inequality, this paper proposes to use the Racial Balance Index to reveal where the greatest and worst advances in the direction of racial equity lie. With this index it is possible to identify and monitor racial inequality in socioeconomic variables over time considering the local racial distribution. Thus, this work analyzes racial imbalances, by state and region, present in high schooling, in the elderly population and in groups with higher incomes. As a result, there has been a significant improvement in the educational situation in recent years. The racial imbalance in the population with higher education has decreased considerably. However, this has not yet been reflected in an improvement in racial inequality in earnings and longevity.
- Desigualdades raciais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e o papel da educacão(2021) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonDo differences in wages between white and black workers arise because of discrimination or because of differences in productivity? This report tries to answer this questions by analyzing recent patterns in racial inequality in the Brazilian labor market and education. In addition to that, we also discuss some of the most important works on racial inequality. We show that racial differences in earnings are large and persistent, even when we consider workers with higher education or in the same occupational group. Using data from Brazil, we show that a considerable part of racial gaps in wages are due to differences in education related to years of schooling, quality of education, and majors attended in college. We also present data on recent trends in educational inequality. Access to higher education has improved fast in Brazil in the last decades, especially among black youth. However, there are still large differences in access between black and white children. Black students in higher education attend less prestigious courses than their white counterparts. Moreover, the performance of black teens in exams by the end of high school is worse than that of white students, and recent trends suggest that these differences in performance are widening.
- Desigualdade Racial nas Eleições Brasileiras (Racial Inequality in Brazilian Elections)(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelUsing data from Brazilian elections for federal and state legislative chambers from 2014 and 2018, we investigated the measure of racial balance in descriptive representation, that is, how much candidates and elected representatives reflect the racial composition of the population. We construct a Racial Balance Index (RBI) that aims to compare the percentage of black candidates and elected representatives with their percentage in the electorate. We analyze this index at the national and state levels, as well as within parties, also taking into account their ideological position. The results indicate some racial balance with respect to candidacies, but a high imbalance when we consider the elected representatives. To complement the analysis, we also investigated racial disparities in access to campaign resources. We found that not only do black candidates receive fewer resources on average, but these resources are more concentrated among them.
- Desigualdade Social sob a ótica do Índice de Equilíbrio Racial(2021) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonO Brasil ainda tem um longo caminho no enfrentamento de seus profundos problemas sociais. Com o intuito de oferecer uma nova perspectiva em relação a desigualdade brasileira, o presente trabalho propõe usar o Índice de Equilíbrio Racial para revelar onde estão os maiores e piores avanços na direção da equidade racial. Com este índice e possível identificar e monitorar a iniquidade racial nas variáveis socioeconômicas ao longo do tempo considerando a distribuição racial local. Deste modo, neste trabalho analisam-se os desequilíbrios raciais, por estado e região, presentes na alta escolaridade, na população idosa e nos grupos com maiores rendimentos. Como resultado, encontrou-se uma expressiva melhora na situação educacional nos últimos anos. O desequilíbrio racial na população com ensino superior diminuiu consideravelmente. Entretanto, isto ainda não se refletiu em uma melhora na desigualdade racial nos rendimentos e longevidade.
- Descriptive Representation in Politics: A Measurement Proposal and Application for Brazil(2023) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Pereira, Leila; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelThis paper introduces a new measure of descriptive representation in politics. It improves upon simple measures such as the share or the number of elected minorities by also taking into account the minority size among the represented. Moreover, contrary to disproportionality measures that are sometimes employed in the context of descriptive representation, our measure attains the upper bound in more usual situations. Based on the statistical properties of our index, we derive hypothesis tests that can be used to assess the likelihood of a representative body's observed composition being the result of an unbiased process.To illustrate its use, we apply the proposed index to evaluate the racial imbalances in the 2014 and 2018 Brazilian National and State legislative elections. This exercise shows that the inclusion of Non-whites in institutional politics has been partial and restricted only to candidacies. The imbalance among elected representatives is considerably larger than among candidates and we can reject the hypothesis that it was generated by chance in the majority of Brazilian states. We also investigate differences between left-wing and right-wing parties, observing lower imbalances among candidates in the left, but no difference when we restrict the analysis to elected representatives.
- Steering a Green, Healthy, and Inclusive Recovery through Transport(2021) Fried, Travis; Welle, Benjamin; Avelleda, Sergio
- Roads, transit, and the denseness of São Paulo's urban development(2021) ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA; Zegras, P. Christopher; Zheng, SiqiTaking São Paulo as our case study, we present causal inference that the construction of avenues and arterial roads crossing the urbanized area and connecting suburban and peripheral neighborhoods have generated urban expansion, extending the city’s urban footprint of the fastest growing city in the world in the mid-20th century. Each kilometer of new avenues and arterial roads generated between 5% and 9% increase in the local urbanization rate between 1947 and 1997. On the other hand, investments in rail transit have promoted vertical neighborhoods, increasing the floor area ratio in settings nearby São Paulo's central area. And each additional kilometer of transit lines was responsible for increasing local FAR in between 2.5 and 4.75, meaning 10 to 19 square kilometers of additional built-up area. This is the first joint causal inference of urban roads and transit different impacts on horizontal and vertical urban development. Our results also confirm that transit investments have stimulated specialization of land uses in São Paulo by attracting more commercial buildings to central areas and stimulating residential real estate development in areas further away. In this paper we take advantage of the fact that several avenues and arterial roads in São Paulo were built using the free course left by urban rivers that were channeled as an exogenous source of variation for the application of an instrumental variable approach. Abandoned streetcar routes were used as an instrument for recent rail transit investments. Long difference regressions were used to estimate the causal effect of these different types of transport on the type of urbanization in São Paulo. Besides the contribution to the academic empirical literature on the interaction between transportation and land use, our findings have huge implications for “new urbanism” movements and among contemporary planning strategies that promote transit as a strategy to promote sustainable urbanization.
- Subway Expansion, Jobs Accessibility and Home Value Appreciation in Four Global Cities: Considering Both Local and Network Effects(2021) ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA; Ramos, Camila; Zhen, SiqiWe explore the potential of incorporating accessibility analysis in studying the impact of subway expansions on the real estate market. We first demonstrate that using increases in accessibility to firms as a continuous treatment variable instead of its binary alternative, the station-dummy approach, yields better goodness-of-fit in a quasi-experimental econometric analysis. We show that the dummy treatment variable consistently reported overestimated coefficients of impact for new subway stations. Furthermore, accessibility measures allow the exploration of impacts beyond the local effects around new subway stations, shedding light on network impact that has been largely overlooked in the literature. To provide greater external validity to our results, we apply the same analysis to the cities of Santiago (Chile), São Paulo (Brazil), Singapore, and Barcelona (Spain) and explore the common results. We argue that the integration of urban economics and transportation analysis can bring innovation to the empirical approach commonly adopted in the literature, and the use of accessibility measures in causal empirical studies on transportation impacts can produce more robust and comprehensive results and capture the nuanced spatial heterogeneity effects.