Uma análise sobre o conceito de serviço público pelo tema da imunidade tributária recíproca a partir da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal
Autores
Palumbo, Marina Coelho
Orientador
Co-orientadores
Citações na Scopus
Tipo de documento
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso
Data
2025
Resumo
A imunidade tributária recíproca, prevista no artigo 150, inciso VI, alínea “a” da
Constituição Federal de 1988, impede que a União, os Estados, o Distrito Federal e os
Municípios instituam impostos sobre o patrimônio, a renda ou os serviços uns dos outros. No
entanto, a aplicação dessa imunidade às concessionárias de serviços públicos, que são pessoas
jurídicas de direito privado, tem gerado controvérsias no Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF). O
presente trabalho analisa a relevância do conceito de serviço público nas decisões do STF sobre
a concessão da imunidade tributária recíproca a essas concessionárias.
A pesquisa foi realizada por meio da análise qualitativa de 14 acórdãos do STF
proferidos entre 2016 e 2024, selecionados a partir do portal eletrônico do Tribunal. O estudo
investigou quais critérios o STF utiliza para determinar a incidência da imunidade, se há
diferenças no tratamento dos diversos tipos de serviços públicos e se a classificação do serviço
influencia a decisão judicial.
Os resultados indicam que o STF adota uma abordagem casuística e considera diversos
fatores para decidir sobre a concessão da imunidade. Os principais critérios identificados
incluem a essencialidade do serviço público, sua prestação em regime de monopólio ou
concorrência, a distribuição de lucros a acionistas privados e a negociação da concessionária
em bolsa de valores. Observou-se que serviços públicos considerados essenciais e prestados em
regime exclusivo possuem maior probabilidade de serem beneficiados pela imunidade, desde
que não haja objetivo lucrativo direcionado a investidores privados. Por outro lado,
concessionárias que operam em ambiente concorrencial e distribuem lucros geralmente têm a
imunidade afastada.
O estudo também revelou inconsistências nas decisões do STF, especialmente no
tratamento dado às concessionárias que operam com participação em bolsa de valores. Em
alguns casos, o Tribunal reconheceu a imunidade dessas empresas, enquanto em outros a negou,
sem uma diretriz clara. Até mesmo a afastando e concedendo a imunidade para uma mesma
concessionaria em acórdãos diferentes. Além disso, expressões como "interesse público" e
"verdadeira instrumentalidade estatal" são frequentemente utilizadas nas decisões sem uma
definição objetiva, contribuindo para a insegurança jurídica sobre o tema.
Conclui-se que, embora o conceito de serviço público seja central para a aplicação da
imunidade tributária recíproca, sua interpretação pelo STF não é uniforme. A falta de critérios
objetivos e a divergência entre os julgados demonstram a necessidade de maior clareza
jurisprudencial, a fim de garantir previsibilidade e segurança jurídica para as concessionárias.
Reciprocal tax immunity, provided for in article 150, item VI, paragraph “a” of the 1988 Federal Constitution, prevents the Federal Government, states, the Federal District and municipalities from imposing taxes on each other's assets, income or services. However, the application of this immunity to public service concessionaires, which are legal entities governed by private law, has generated controversy in the Federal Supreme Court (STF). This paper analyzes the relevance of the concept of public service in the STF's decisions on granting reciprocal tax immunity to these concessionaires. The research was carried out through a qualitative analysis of 14 STF rulings handed down between 2016 and 2024, selected from the Court's electronic portal. The study investigated which criteria the STF uses to determine the incidence of immunity, whether there are differences in the treatment of different types of public services and whether the classification of the service influences the judicial decision. The results indicate that the STF adopts a case-by-case approach and considers various factors when deciding whether to grant immunity. The main criteria identified include the essentiality of the public service, its provision under a monopoly or competitive regime, the distribution of profits to private shareholders and the concessionaire's trading on the stock exchange. It was observed that public services considered essential and provided on an exclusive basis are more likely to benefit from immunity, as long as there is no profit motive directed at private investors. On the other hand, concessionaires that operate in a competitive environment and distribute profits generally do not qualify for immunity. The study also revealed inconsistencies in the STF's decisions, especially in the treatment given to concessionaires that operate with stock exchange participation. In some cases, the Court recognized the immunity of these companies, while in others it denied it, without a clear guideline. It has even dismissed it and granted immunity to the same concessionaire in different rulings. In addition, expressions such as “public interest” and “true state instrumentality” are often used in decisions without an objective definition, contributing to legal uncertainty on the subject. The conclusion is that, although the concept of public service is central to the application of reciprocal tax immunity, its interpretation by the STF is not uniform. The lack of objective criteria and the divergence between judgments demonstrate the need for greater clarity in case law, in order to guarantee predictability and legal certainty for concessionaires.
Reciprocal tax immunity, provided for in article 150, item VI, paragraph “a” of the 1988 Federal Constitution, prevents the Federal Government, states, the Federal District and municipalities from imposing taxes on each other's assets, income or services. However, the application of this immunity to public service concessionaires, which are legal entities governed by private law, has generated controversy in the Federal Supreme Court (STF). This paper analyzes the relevance of the concept of public service in the STF's decisions on granting reciprocal tax immunity to these concessionaires. The research was carried out through a qualitative analysis of 14 STF rulings handed down between 2016 and 2024, selected from the Court's electronic portal. The study investigated which criteria the STF uses to determine the incidence of immunity, whether there are differences in the treatment of different types of public services and whether the classification of the service influences the judicial decision. The results indicate that the STF adopts a case-by-case approach and considers various factors when deciding whether to grant immunity. The main criteria identified include the essentiality of the public service, its provision under a monopoly or competitive regime, the distribution of profits to private shareholders and the concessionaire's trading on the stock exchange. It was observed that public services considered essential and provided on an exclusive basis are more likely to benefit from immunity, as long as there is no profit motive directed at private investors. On the other hand, concessionaires that operate in a competitive environment and distribute profits generally do not qualify for immunity. The study also revealed inconsistencies in the STF's decisions, especially in the treatment given to concessionaires that operate with stock exchange participation. In some cases, the Court recognized the immunity of these companies, while in others it denied it, without a clear guideline. It has even dismissed it and granted immunity to the same concessionaire in different rulings. In addition, expressions such as “public interest” and “true state instrumentality” are often used in decisions without an objective definition, contributing to legal uncertainty on the subject. The conclusion is that, although the concept of public service is central to the application of reciprocal tax immunity, its interpretation by the STF is not uniform. The lack of objective criteria and the divergence between judgments demonstrate the need for greater clarity in case law, in order to guarantee predictability and legal certainty for concessionaires.
Palavras-chave
Titulo de periódico
URL da fonte
Título de Livro
URL na Scopus
Sinopse
Objetivos de aprendizagem
Idioma
Português
Notas
Membros da banca
Área do Conhecimento CNPQ
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::DIREITO
CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS::DIREITO