Coleção de Artigos em Andamento [Working Papers]
URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3233
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10 resultados
Resultados da Pesquisa
- Desigualdade Racial nas Eleições Brasileiras (Racial Inequality in Brazilian Elections)(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelUsing data from Brazilian elections for federal and state legislative chambers from 2014 and 2018, we investigated the measure of racial balance in descriptive representation, that is, how much candidates and elected representatives reflect the racial composition of the population. We construct a Racial Balance Index (RBI) that aims to compare the percentage of black candidates and elected representatives with their percentage in the electorate. We analyze this index at the national and state levels, as well as within parties, also taking into account their ideological position. The results indicate some racial balance with respect to candidacies, but a high imbalance when we consider the elected representatives. To complement the analysis, we also investigated racial disparities in access to campaign resources. We found that not only do black candidates receive fewer resources on average, but these resources are more concentrated among them.
- Descriptive Representation in Politics: A Measurement Proposal and Application for Brazil(2023) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Pereira, Leila; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelThis paper introduces a new measure of descriptive representation in politics. It improves upon simple measures such as the share or the number of elected minorities by also taking into account the minority size among the represented. Moreover, contrary to disproportionality measures that are sometimes employed in the context of descriptive representation, our measure attains the upper bound in more usual situations. Based on the statistical properties of our index, we derive hypothesis tests that can be used to assess the likelihood of a representative body's observed composition being the result of an unbiased process.To illustrate its use, we apply the proposed index to evaluate the racial imbalances in the 2014 and 2018 Brazilian National and State legislative elections. This exercise shows that the inclusion of Non-whites in institutional politics has been partial and restricted only to candidacies. The imbalance among elected representatives is considerably larger than among candidates and we can reject the hypothesis that it was generated by chance in the majority of Brazilian states. We also investigate differences between left-wing and right-wing parties, observing lower imbalances among candidates in the left, but no difference when we restrict the analysis to elected representatives.
- Public Childcare, Labor Market Outcomes of Caregivers, and Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Brazil(2022) Attanasio, Orazio; RICARDO PAES DE BARROS; Carneiro, Pedro; Evans, David K.; Lima, Lycia; Olinto, Pedro; Schady, NorbertThis study examines the impact of publicly provided daycare for children aged 0-3 on outcomes of children and their caregivers over the course of seven years after enrollment into daycare. At the end of 2007, the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil used a lottery to assign children to limited public daycare openings. Winning the lottery translated to a 34 percent increase in total time in daycare during a child’s first four years of life. This allowed caregivers more time to work, resulting in higher incomes for beneficiary households in the first year of daycare attendance and 4 years later (but not after 7 years, by which time all children were eligible for universal schooling). The rise in labor force participation is driven primarily by grandparents and by adolescent siblings residing in the same household as (and possibly caring for) the child, and not by parents, most of whom were already working. Beneficiary children saw sustained gains in height-for-age and weight-for- age, likely due to the better nutritional intake they benefit from in daycare. Shorter term gains in beneficiary children’s cognitive development were also observed, driven primarily by a short term improvement in home resources and environments.
- Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades(2023) Piza, Caio; ISABELA BRANDÃO FURTADO; Amorim, Vivian de FatimaThis paper investigates whether providing financial education in elementary and middle school grades improves students' financial proficiency and actual behavior. It uses a cluster randomized control trial to evaluate a pilot program implemented in 101 Brazilian municipal schools in 2015. The findings show positive impacts on financial proficiency, mainly among middle school students, and suggestive evidence of improvements in short-term behavioral outcomes. However, the analysis indicates that the program did not impact students' school achievements in both the short and longer terms, which suggests that the program's effects were not strong enough to shift students' behavior decisions.
Working Paper Political competition and the provision of early childhood education and care: evidence from Brazil(2022) Portella, Alysson Lorenzon; Tebaldi, RaquelThe objective of this paper is to investigate whether higher political competition induces the expansion of public early childhood education and care (ECEC) services using Brazil as a case study. Public ECEC services are provided mainly by Brazilian municipalities and although enrolment for children aged 0 to 3 is not mandatory, it has increased continuously in the last two decades, with large heterogeneity across municipalities. In addition, electoral rules in Brazil establishes a dual-ballot system only for municipalities with more than 200,000 registered voters. This provides an exogenous variation in political competition that enables us to evaluate its impact on ECEC provision through a regression discontinuity design. We find that average estimated municipal crèche net enrolment rates are around 3 percentage points larger in municipalities with the dual-ballot. ECEC expenditure levels are also higher in these municipalities.Working Paper Desigualdade Racial e de Gênero nas Eleições Municipais no Brasil(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelEste trabalho contribui com a literatura que procura estimar os desequilíbrios raciais e de gênero na representação política municipal brasileira. Para isso, utilizamos dados das eleições de prefeitos e vereadores de 2016 e 2020 com o intuito de investigar em que medida mulheres negras, homens negros e mulheres brancas estão sub-representados em relação aos homens brancos em nosso sistema político local. Nossa análise revela altos níveis de desequilíbrios, em especial na dimensão de gênero. Para prefeitos, os desequilíbrios são altos quando consideramos tanto as candidaturas quanto os que foram eleitos. No caso dos vereadores, o desequilíbrio é maior entre os eleitos. Adicionalmente, verificamos que havia uma alta desigualdade no financiamento de campanhas em favor de homens brancos em 2016, que se reverte em favor das mulheres em 2020. Contudo, essa mudança não foi capaz de alterar os baixos níveis de representação feminina na política local.Working Paper Desigualdade Racial nas Eleições Brasileiras(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelWorking Paper Descriptive Representation in Politics: A Measurement Proposal and Application for Brazil(2023) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Pereira, Leila; Tavares, RafaelWorking Paper A Regionalização da Saúde no Brasil(2022) LETICIA FARIA DE CARVALHO NUNES; Rocha, Rudi; Rache, BeatrizRESUMO EXECUTIVO – A regionalização é vista como uma prioridade de política pública em saúde no Brasil, mas ainda é um trabalho em andamento. No entanto, apesar de existir grande esforço de pesquisa sobre o tema, muitas questões importantes persistem, por exemplo: (i) em que medida a regionalização avançou no país?; (ii) tem sido de fato induzida pelas normas federais?; (iii) quais os fatores que têm permitido a indução ou que têm restringido o movimento do sistema em direção à organização regional? Neste estudo, realizamos uma ampla análise empírica sobre padrões de expansão e reorganização de serviços de saúde, recursos hospitalares e fluxos de internação entre municípios ao longo das últimas duas décadas com o objetivo de avaliar se houve uma reorganização do sistema em direção a um desenho regional, e se este movimento se relaciona às normativas introduzidas. Ressaltamos desafios a um funcionamento mais regional da saúde no Brasil. O processo de descentralização do SUS e a falta de uma instância regional formal no pacto federativo dificultam a cooperação entre os entes federados. Ainda, outro desafio importante refere-se à falta de uma entidade regional com autonomia e financiamento próprio.Working Paper The Role of Restructuring in Bank M&As: Evidence from Branch-level Data(2022) Mariani, Lucas Argentieri; BERNARDO DE OLIVEIRA GUERRA RICCA