Artigos em Andamento [Working Paper]
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3232
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- Desigualdade Racial nas Eleições Brasileiras (Racial Inequality in Brazilian Elections)(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelUsing data from Brazilian elections for federal and state legislative chambers from 2014 and 2018, we investigated the measure of racial balance in descriptive representation, that is, how much candidates and elected representatives reflect the racial composition of the population. We construct a Racial Balance Index (RBI) that aims to compare the percentage of black candidates and elected representatives with their percentage in the electorate. We analyze this index at the national and state levels, as well as within parties, also taking into account their ideological position. The results indicate some racial balance with respect to candidacies, but a high imbalance when we consider the elected representatives. To complement the analysis, we also investigated racial disparities in access to campaign resources. We found that not only do black candidates receive fewer resources on average, but these resources are more concentrated among them.
- Descriptive Representation in Politics: A Measurement Proposal and Application for Brazil(2023) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Pereira, Leila; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelThis paper introduces a new measure of descriptive representation in politics. It improves upon simple measures such as the share or the number of elected minorities by also taking into account the minority size among the represented. Moreover, contrary to disproportionality measures that are sometimes employed in the context of descriptive representation, our measure attains the upper bound in more usual situations. Based on the statistical properties of our index, we derive hypothesis tests that can be used to assess the likelihood of a representative body's observed composition being the result of an unbiased process.To illustrate its use, we apply the proposed index to evaluate the racial imbalances in the 2014 and 2018 Brazilian National and State legislative elections. This exercise shows that the inclusion of Non-whites in institutional politics has been partial and restricted only to candidacies. The imbalance among elected representatives is considerably larger than among candidates and we can reject the hypothesis that it was generated by chance in the majority of Brazilian states. We also investigate differences between left-wing and right-wing parties, observing lower imbalances among candidates in the left, but no difference when we restrict the analysis to elected representatives.
Working Paper Desigualdade Racial e de Gênero nas Eleições Municipais no Brasil(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelEste trabalho contribui com a literatura que procura estimar os desequilíbrios raciais e de gênero na representação política municipal brasileira. Para isso, utilizamos dados das eleições de prefeitos e vereadores de 2016 e 2020 com o intuito de investigar em que medida mulheres negras, homens negros e mulheres brancas estão sub-representados em relação aos homens brancos em nosso sistema político local. Nossa análise revela altos níveis de desequilíbrios, em especial na dimensão de gênero. Para prefeitos, os desequilíbrios são altos quando consideramos tanto as candidaturas quanto os que foram eleitos. No caso dos vereadores, o desequilíbrio é maior entre os eleitos. Adicionalmente, verificamos que havia uma alta desigualdade no financiamento de campanhas em favor de homens brancos em 2016, que se reverte em favor das mulheres em 2020. Contudo, essa mudança não foi capaz de alterar os baixos níveis de representação feminina na política local.Working Paper Desigualdade Racial nas Eleições Brasileiras(2022) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, Alysson; Tavares, RafaelWorking Paper Descriptive Representation in Politics: A Measurement Proposal and Application for Brazil(2023) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Pereira, Leila; Tavares, Rafael