Working Papers
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/3232
Navegar
196 resultados
Filtros
Configurações
Resultados da Pesquisa
- Subway expansion and the rise in the spatial disparity of consumer amenities(2021) Sonnenschein, Tabea; Zheng, Siqi; ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTAIn this paper, we investigate how subway expansions have impacted the geographic concentration of consumer amenities within four global cities, namely Santiago, Singapore, Barcelona and São Paulo. Thereby, we delve into which neighborhoods benefit more and which suffer deficits from improved subway connectivity and their associated impacts upon local vibrancy. We found that originally vibrant communities in terms of consumer amenities benefit more than non-vibrant ones in terms of the attraction of new restaurants and shops. Further, we look into which accessibility destinations promoted by the subway expansion (e.g., accessibility to high-skill jobs or to affluents neighborhoods) result in the most significant effects. We show evidence that agglomeration economies are a relevant location driver mechanism that mediates the impact of accessibility improvements on the attraction of consumption activities. We also found to be evident that purchasing power of both workers and households matters as a marketaccess amenities location driver. Intra-city spatial concentration of economic activities, including consumption affairs, has been recognized as a longstanding urban phenomenon with implications on different dimensions within the urban planning domain. We discuss how much subway expansion increase or decrease such a spatial disparity of urban opportunities within the urban space.
- Inflation targeting did make a difference in industrial countries’ inflation and output growth(2012) Brito, Ricardo D.I reevaluate the treatment effect of inflation targeting (IT) in industrial economies that adopted this regime in the early 1990s through dynamic panel regressions to show that IT had significant enhancing effects on realized inflation and GDP growth. I also refine the propensity score matching of Lin and Ye [2007. Does inflation targeting really make a difference? Evaluating the treatment effect of inflation targeting in seven industrial countries. Journal of Monetary Economics 54(8), 2521-2533] and Ball and Sheridan’s [2005. Does inflation targeting matter? In: Bernanke B, Woodford M (Eds), The inflation targeting debate, 249-276] cross-section regressions to show that their conclusion of IT irrelevance can be overturned. By analyzing other samples that extend theirs, I provide further evidence of the pioneering IT systems good performance among developed countries.
- Inflation targeting did make a difference in industrial countries’ inflation and output growth(2011) Brito, Ricardo D.I reevaluate the treatment effect of inflation targeting (IT) in industrial economies that adopted this regime in the early 1990s through dynamic panel regressions to show that IT had significant enhancing effects on realized inflation and GDP growth. I also refine the propensity score matching of Lin and Ye [2007. Does inflation targeting really make a difference? Evaluating the treatment effect of inflation targeting in seven industrial countries. Journal of Monetary Economics 54(8), 2521-2533] and Ball and Sheridan’s [2005. Does inflation targeting matter? In: Bernanke B, Woodford M (Eds), The inflation targeting debate, 249-276] cross-section regressions to show that their conclusion of IT irrelevance can be overturned. By analyzing other samples that extend theirs, I provide further evidence of the pioneering IT systems good performance among developed countries.
- Permanent Excess Demand as Business Strategy: An analysis of the Brazilian higher-education market(2013) Andrade, Eduardo; Moita, Rodrigo; CARLOS EDUARDO LINS DA SILVAMany Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) establish tuition below the equilibrium price to generate permanent excess demand. This paper first builds on Becker’s (1991) theory to understand why the HEIs price in this way. The fact that students are both consumers and inputs on the education production function gives rise to an equilibrium where some firms have permanent excess demand. Second, the paper analyzes this equilibrium empirically. The results show that the HEIs give up 7.6% of the revenue coming from a freshman class in order to have better students and to differentiate themselves as high quality in the market.
- Social Inequality from the perspective of the Racial Balance Index(2021) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonBrazil still has a long way to go in facing its deep social problems. In order to offer a new perspective on Brazilian inequality, this paper proposes to use the Racial Balance Index to reveal where the greatest and worst advances in the direction of racial equity lie. With this index it is possible to identify and monitor racial inequality in socioeconomic variables over time considering the local racial distribution. Thus, this work analyzes racial imbalances, by state and region, present in high schooling, in the elderly population and in groups with higher incomes. As a result, there has been a significant improvement in the educational situation in recent years. The racial imbalance in the population with higher education has decreased considerably. However, this has not yet been reflected in an improvement in racial inequality in earnings and longevity.
- Desigualdades raciais no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e o papel da educacão(2021) SERGIO PINHEIRO FIRPO; França, Michael; Portella, AlyssonDo differences in wages between white and black workers arise because of discrimination or because of differences in productivity? This report tries to answer this questions by analyzing recent patterns in racial inequality in the Brazilian labor market and education. In addition to that, we also discuss some of the most important works on racial inequality. We show that racial differences in earnings are large and persistent, even when we consider workers with higher education or in the same occupational group. Using data from Brazil, we show that a considerable part of racial gaps in wages are due to differences in education related to years of schooling, quality of education, and majors attended in college. We also present data on recent trends in educational inequality. Access to higher education has improved fast in Brazil in the last decades, especially among black youth. However, there are still large differences in access between black and white children. Black students in higher education attend less prestigious courses than their white counterparts. Moreover, the performance of black teens in exams by the end of high school is worse than that of white students, and recent trends suggest that these differences in performance are widening.
- Steering a Green, Healthy, and Inclusive Recovery through Transport(2021) Fried, Travis; Welle, Benjamin; Avelleda, Sergio
- Roads, transit, and the denseness of São Paulo's urban development(2021) ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA; Zegras, P. Christopher; Zheng, SiqiTaking São Paulo as our case study, we present causal inference that the construction of avenues and arterial roads crossing the urbanized area and connecting suburban and peripheral neighborhoods have generated urban expansion, extending the city’s urban footprint of the fastest growing city in the world in the mid-20th century. Each kilometer of new avenues and arterial roads generated between 5% and 9% increase in the local urbanization rate between 1947 and 1997. On the other hand, investments in rail transit have promoted vertical neighborhoods, increasing the floor area ratio in settings nearby São Paulo's central area. And each additional kilometer of transit lines was responsible for increasing local FAR in between 2.5 and 4.75, meaning 10 to 19 square kilometers of additional built-up area. This is the first joint causal inference of urban roads and transit different impacts on horizontal and vertical urban development. Our results also confirm that transit investments have stimulated specialization of land uses in São Paulo by attracting more commercial buildings to central areas and stimulating residential real estate development in areas further away. In this paper we take advantage of the fact that several avenues and arterial roads in São Paulo were built using the free course left by urban rivers that were channeled as an exogenous source of variation for the application of an instrumental variable approach. Abandoned streetcar routes were used as an instrument for recent rail transit investments. Long difference regressions were used to estimate the causal effect of these different types of transport on the type of urbanization in São Paulo. Besides the contribution to the academic empirical literature on the interaction between transportation and land use, our findings have huge implications for “new urbanism” movements and among contemporary planning strategies that promote transit as a strategy to promote sustainable urbanization.
- Subway Expansion, Jobs Accessibility and Home Value Appreciation in Four Global Cities: Considering Both Local and Network Effects(2021) ADRIANO BORGES FERREIRA DA COSTA; Ramos, Camila; Zhen, SiqiWe explore the potential of incorporating accessibility analysis in studying the impact of subway expansions on the real estate market. We first demonstrate that using increases in accessibility to firms as a continuous treatment variable instead of its binary alternative, the station-dummy approach, yields better goodness-of-fit in a quasi-experimental econometric analysis. We show that the dummy treatment variable consistently reported overestimated coefficients of impact for new subway stations. Furthermore, accessibility measures allow the exploration of impacts beyond the local effects around new subway stations, shedding light on network impact that has been largely overlooked in the literature. To provide greater external validity to our results, we apply the same analysis to the cities of Santiago (Chile), São Paulo (Brazil), Singapore, and Barcelona (Spain) and explore the common results. We argue that the integration of urban economics and transportation analysis can bring innovation to the empirical approach commonly adopted in the literature, and the use of accessibility measures in causal empirical studies on transportation impacts can produce more robust and comprehensive results and capture the nuanced spatial heterogeneity effects.
- Public Childcare, Labor Market Outcomes of Caregivers, and Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Brazil(2022) Attanasio, Orazio; RICARDO PAES DE BARROS; Carneiro, Pedro; Evans, David K.; Lima, Lycia; Olinto, Pedro; Schady, NorbertThis study examines the impact of publicly provided daycare for children aged 0-3 on outcomes of children and their caregivers over the course of seven years after enrollment into daycare. At the end of 2007, the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil used a lottery to assign children to limited public daycare openings. Winning the lottery translated to a 34 percent increase in total time in daycare during a child’s first four years of life. This allowed caregivers more time to work, resulting in higher incomes for beneficiary households in the first year of daycare attendance and 4 years later (but not after 7 years, by which time all children were eligible for universal schooling). The rise in labor force participation is driven primarily by grandparents and by adolescent siblings residing in the same household as (and possibly caring for) the child, and not by parents, most of whom were already working. Beneficiary children saw sustained gains in height-for-age and weight-for- age, likely due to the better nutritional intake they benefit from in daycare. Shorter term gains in beneficiary children’s cognitive development were also observed, driven primarily by a short term improvement in home resources and environments.