PEDRO FERNANDES MAKHOUL
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Artigo Científico Ownership design and managerial efficiency(2022) PEDRO FERNANDES MAKHOUL; Infantes Sanchez, Paula MariaArtigo Científico Going the Distance: The Foreign Investment Strategies of Sovereign Wealth Funds(2020) PEDRO FERNANDES MAKHOUL; Musacchio, Aldo; SERGIO GIOVANETTI LAZZARINITese Essays on Empirical Corporate Finance(2023) Macoris, Lucas SerrãoThis thesis has three chapters, all of them aimed at empirically investigating a specific research question related to the Corporate Finance literature. In the first chapter of the thesis, I investigate the relationship between liquidity shocks and Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) activity during peridos of credit supply shortfalls and show that firms that have higher levels of expiring debt maturities in the year of the credit shock are more likely to become targets in M&A deals. Moreover, these firms invest more and issue more debt after the deal relative to other financially constrained firms that did not undergo such transactions. Finally, we show that these firms are shifting from issuing debt in their own countries to issuing debt in countries with historically higher issuance volume, show ing that M&As can work as leeway to relieve financing frictions in periods when credit supply frictions are more prevalent. In the second chapter of the thesis, I study the effects of the introduction of the solvency margin rule in the Brazilian healthcare industry using a differences-in-differences approach to show that more exposed firms grew their customer base less than their counterparts, and that this effect persists even after three years of the solvency margin implementation. When it comes to firm-level prospects, I show that this higher exposure also affects firms’ future financial fundamentals, firms’ likelihood of being delisted, and is negatively correlated with changes in the median price levels for customer healthcare plans. Finally, to the extent that this differential growth trend is capable of shifting aggregate industry fundamentals, I show that states with a higher portion of exposed firms saw their market concentration surge 22% more than their counterparts. Finally, the third and last chaption of this thesis studies the potential determinants of firms’ debt structure decisions over time by studying the interplay between ownership and debt structure decisions. By exploiting exogenous variation in mutual funds’ passive ownership due to Russell 1000/2000 index assignments between 2010 and 2019, the estimates presented in this chapter show that a one standard deviation increase in passive ownership is related to a 29% decrease in debt concentration. In a subsequent set of results, it is possible to see that results are entirely driven by smaller firms, are mostly leaned towards increases in Commercial Papers, Term Loans and Revolving Credit, and are unrelated to other firms’ ex-post fundamentals.Dissertação Crescimento das Fintechs e o seu impacto no nível de concorrência do setor bancário brasileiro.(2024) Nunes, Marcelo CorrêaO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o impacto do crescimento das Fintechs no nível de concentração bancária e no poder de mercado dos bancos incumbentes no Brasil. O estudo considerou dados dos balanços dos bancos brasileiros de março de 2005 a dezembro de 2023, extraídos do site do Banco Central do Brasil. Foram avaliados o Índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) e a participação de mercado de cada instituição bancária (market share) por duas abordagens: a primeira analisando o comportamento das principais captações bancárias (depósito à vista, poupança, depósito a prazo e emissões de letras de crédito imobiliário, crédito do agronegócio e financeiras), e a segunda considerando a carteira de crédito (saldo do ativo) ao consumidor. A análise seguinte utilizou o Índice de Lerner para avaliar o impacto no poder de mercado dos bancos incumbentes. A terceira análise mediu se houve redução nas taxas de juros do crédito rotativo de cartões ao consumidor, um mercado relevante para a atuação das Fintechs. Utilizando técnicas de estimação de dados em painel com efeitos fixos, as hipóteses foram avaliadas. Os resultados indicaram, com significância estatística, que, embora tenha ocorrido crescimento das Fintechs a partir de 2017, elas ainda não conseguiram reduzir o nível de concentração para patamares anteriores à crise de 2008, que provocou um expressivo processo de consolidação bancária. As Fintechs estão conseguindo atingir índices de Lerner similares aos dos incumbentes, mas não estão afetando a rentabilidade dos bancos tradicionais. Além disso, a taxa básica de juros (SELIC) tem mais influência na variação das taxas de juros de crédito de cartões de crédito do que da atuação das Fintechs.- How car rental companies affect car prices?(2023) Molero, Lucas SenaThe car rental sector increased relevance for Brazilian automakers has raised questions on the trade-offs born out of this relationship. Using the covid-19 pandemic as a natural experiment setup and the differences in differences methodology we find that car models that are often sold to car rental companies faced higher depreciation relative to retail-oriented car models during the pandemic. We also find that new car prices behaved similarly for both groups. These results suggests that the trade-off for car manufacturers is limited.
Dissertação O impacto do pix na dinâmica concorrencial do mercado bancário e de meios de pagamento brasileiro.(2024) Cabral, César Murilo NogueiraO objetivo deste estudo é analisar o impacto do Pix na dinâmica concorrencial do mercado bancário e de meios de pagamento no Brasil. A pesquisa investiga o modelo de interoperabilidade adotado para este novo meio de pagamento, bem como suas implicações, exploradas por meio de hipóteses. Especificamente, o estudo avalia se o Pix, ao reduzir as barreiras de entrada foi capaz de influenciar o crescimento dos depósitos a prazo em instituições não incumbentes, através da redução dos switching costs, se alterou o padrão de receitas de tarifas nas instituições financeiras e se impactou a rentabilidade através do indicador de Lerner. Utilizando modelos de regressão com dados em painel, a pesquisa indica que o Pix teve influência na dinâmica da concorrência no sistema financeiro brasileiro, permitindo que players de menor porte exercessem maior pressão competitiva no mercado bancário através da migração de depósitos a prazo dos bancos incumbentes para os não incumbentes. Esta é a principal contribuição do estudo para a literatura vigente sobre o tema.Artigo Científico The cost of being foreign: evidence from a nationally representative experiment in the US(2021) PEDRO FERNANDES MAKHOUL; Guedes-Neto, João V.; Musacchio, AldoTese Stakeholder Governance and Decision-Making: Dealing with Preference Heterogeneity and Uncertainty(2024) Freire, Vitor de Barros SantosThis dissertation examines mechanisms of strategic stakeholder governance, advancing the understanding of how firms can incorporate diverse stakeholder perspectives in high-level strategic decision-making forums such as corporate boards. Central to this research objective is the understanding that value creation demands governance structures that reconcile heterogeneous stakeholder interests and, at the same time, deal with potentially escalating decision-making costs and promote adaptation to changing circumstances. The dissertation is comprised of three chapters examining the nuanced challenges and mechanisms concerning corporate boards, blending theoretical propositions and empirical testing using laboratory experimental methods. The initial chapter presents a decision-based theory of stakeholder governance. It explores the interplay between stakeholder engagement and decision rights allocation within corporate boards, when facing contingencies like the boundaries on stakeholder claims (the extent of stakeholders' interests considered) and the nature of the decision problem under consideration. The chapter follows a comparative organizational analysis and examines different governance patterns that fit these contingencies to propose a combination of aspects related to the allocation of decision rights, corporate objectives, and deliberation mechanisms aligned with the contingencies to facilitate decision-making and adaptation, resulting in a theory of stakeholder governance explaining the arrangement of decision-making forums to accommodate distinct stakeholder demands. The second chapter empirically examines a specific mechanism of board decision-making under uncertainty. The research investigates conditions in which boards tend to make choices that avoid negative externalities and safeguard vulnerable stakeholders. The chapter tests the hypothesis that when facing uncertain outcomes and divergent opinions, boards following a unanimous rule for decision tend to opt for choices that mitigate negative externalities over higher financial gains. The experimental results show that, under such conditions, boards have a surprisingly strong preference for the alternative that avoids negative externalities, even when it entails lower financial results. The chapter then investigates the factors leading the boards to adopt such a cautious attitude and argues that besides an increased perception of uncertainty in groups, the critical influence of the unanimity rule is likely a main factor. The final chapter, then, delves into the comparative effects of the unanimity rule in comparison with the widely adopted majority decision rule. This chapter builds upon the same behavioral mechanisms discussed in the second chapter and examines the trade-offs between adopting a unanimity rule versus a majority vote. Experimental results show that unanimity enhances the board's tendency towards precautionary decisions and also increases confidence in the collective decision, yet it also necessitates more deliberation efforts. The extra efforts can complicate decision-making in business environments that require prompt decisions, suggesting a critical trade-off between inclusive decision-making and swift decision-making. In sum, this dissertation sheds light on the intricate balance between managing heterogeneous stakeholder demands and dealing with the decision-making costs that emerge when their multiple demands are considered. It offers valuable insights into how governance structures can be designed to manage the tensions between diverse stakeholder interests, the decision-making costs of considering diverse interests, and the need for adaptation in changing business landscapes. The findings underscore the importance of considering both the necessity of inclusiveness regarding stakeholders' interests and the decision-making costs permeating deliberation mechanisms. This dissertation therefore contributes to the evolving literature on stakeholder governance by examining decision-making processes, their underlying theoretical determinants, and the mechanisms that decision-making forums may adopt to reconcile multiple stakeholder demands.